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『叄』 求一篇土木工程畢業設計 外文資料翻譯
橋梁式集裝箱起重機設計113
1．前言………………………………………………………………………3
2．主要設計內容及參數……………………………………4
3．主梁結構設計……………………………………………………5
4．小車機構設計……………………………………………………7
7．起吊機構設計…………………………………………………11
6．支架設計……………………………………………………………14
8．設計小結……………………………………………………………15
9．主要參考文獻…………………………………………………16
10.圖紙文件設計前言
起重機被喻為「巨人之臂」，是廣泛用於國民經濟各部門進行物質生產和裝卸搬運的重要設備。起重機的設計製造，從一個側面反映了國家的工業現代化水平。我國起重機製造業奠基於20世紀50年代。70年代以來，起重機的類型、規格、性能和技術水平獲得很大的發展。近年來在物流和工業企業發展的帶動下，起重機行業進入飛速發展時期。
起重機主要分為橋梁式、懸臂式、塔式、龍門式、拉索式、液壓伸縮臂式等形式。本設計以橋式雙梁單小車集裝箱起重機為例，介紹起重機的設計思路、設計內容以及設計方法。
起重機設計主要根據客戶要求，在符合國家標准及機械工業標准中對起重機的要求下進行設計。設計方案的選擇主要通過與客戶溝通取得一致意見後確定，設計內容主要包括在起重機的實際工作環境下確定起重機的最大額定載荷、非正常載荷（如沖擊載荷，風力載荷、震動載荷等）、操縱形式、使用壽命、檢修方式以及安全等級等；確定起重機主要零部件的選材以及機加工和材料處理的方法；確定起重機的工作級別；確定其主要受力梁的截面形式、截面大小以及梁的材料選擇和加工方法。由於橋梁式起重機體積和質量都比較大，所以在設計過程中還應考慮起重機的運輸方案和安裝方法。一 主要設計內容及參數1、起重機首先要確定的是工作級別本設計的起重機用於集裝箱生產製造或物流行業。
起吊件為生產下線的集裝箱，或物流行業待裝貨的集裝箱，所以都是空箱。起吊重量為5T 根據起重機行業標准，不管是集裝箱生產行業還是物流行業都是生產節奏比較快的，因此該起重機的工作級別定為A5級，起吊機構工作級別為M5。2、根據以上所規定級別設置設計內容及參數a.主梁結構
主梁涉及到的主要設計內容或參數主要有：主梁的截面形式、截面大小、所用材料、製作方法、主樑上平面的平面度、側面的平面度和垂直度、主梁應該具有的上拱度，還有主樑上的軌道安裝等等。b.支架結構
支架需要設計的主要內容和參數包括：截面形式、截面大小、使用材料、製作方法、支腿的垂直度誤差、支腿與地面的連接方式等等。c.小車機構
小車機構要設計的主要內容和參數包括：小車架設計；起吊機構設計；小車行走機構設計。根據起吊重量設計小車架截面；根據所需要元件的安裝位置設計小車架的結構；根據工作級別設計行走機構中電機的功率和類型；根據起吊高度確定捲筒的直徑和長度；根據工作級別確定主電機的功率以及減速機的型號。確定其他一些元件的型號。應符合起重機行業標准中的相關內容；控制電路屬於電氣范疇在此不予討論。 本文來自: 一流設計吧(www.16sheji8.cn) 詳細出處參考： http://www.16sheji8.cn/onews.asp?id=1220
『肆』 急求一篇土木工程專業的外文翻譯 畢業設計用 字數3000+
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『伍』 求土木工程畢業外文翻譯一篇
building types and design
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960』s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we』re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : 「day」, 「night」 ,and 「services」 .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the 「day 「rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the 「night 「rooms consist of the bedrooms .the 「services 「comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a 「shed 」type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
翻譯：
建築類型和設計
建築物與人們有著緊密的聯系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。
根據適用類型不同，建築物可以分為兩類：工業建築和民用建築。工業建築包括各個工廠或工業生產所使用建築，民用建築是指那些人們用以居住，就業，教育和其他社會活動的建築場所。
工業建築的廠房可用於采礦業，冶金工業，機械製造，化學工業和紡織工業等各類領域的加工和製造。廠房可分為兩種類型：單層的和多層的。工業建築也屬於建築的一種。但是，工業建築與民用建築所用的材料和建築方式不同。
民用建築按使用可分為兩大類：住宅建築和公共建築。住宅建築要適應家庭生活。每個單位應包括至少三個必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建築可在政治，文化活動，管理工作和其他服務，如學校，寫字樓，公園，醫院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過來又需要不同的設計類型。
房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的內容，但今天人們需要更多的住房內容。一個家庭在進入一個新的社區後將知道，現有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標准。還要考慮其附近是否有相應的配套設施，如食品市場，學校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區中心等。
在60年代中期住房最重要的價值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數家庭會首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業余活動。在高度工業化的國家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠離市中心商業圈的住房，即使距離上班地點不得不有一段距離。相當多的家庭首選是郊區的住房，因為他們的主要目的是要遠離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個決定性因素，因為大多數人都是開著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和卧室的數目。
在工程項目開始之前，要做好建築設計和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建築建成後是什麼樣子以及下一步應該做什麼。
在建築設計中要特別重視房間的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個住宅建築設計中，布局可考慮以下三個方面： 「白天」 ， 「夜晚」和「服務」。必須注意這些空間區域之間的連通交流。 「白天」房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會增加，如書房，並有可能成為一個大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。 「夜間」房間包括卧室、客房。「服務」用房間包括廚房，浴室，儲藏室 ，和廁所等。廚房和儲藏室需設置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。
此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題，當然最好盡可能的將那些經常使用的房間朝南設置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環境和地點、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達到最佳要求。在解決這些復雜的問題，還必須按照當地城市規劃條例所涉及的對公共設施，人口密度，建築物高度，綠化面積，建築紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建築的情況，等等。
盡管工業建築需要符合當地城市規劃條例但很少有標准化的工業樓宇。現代廠房建築的趨勢是輕質、通風。一般的鋼筋混凝土結構或鋼結構的工廠，可以得到一個「跌」型脊屋頂，把窗戶開向北以便使分布均勻的自然採光不會直射進來造成刺眼。
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『柒』 畢業設計 土木工程專業外文翻譯
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Segregation of Asphalt Pavement
[Abstract] This paper describes the Weiwu highway construction, the analysis of asphalt pavement segregation. From raw materials to finished procts into the plant's appearance transport asphalt and paving mixture ring the various factors that affect quality, and to all aspects of the various segregation of solutions put forward
[Key words] segregation segregation Segregation of control
1. Project Overview
Shandong Wei (Shanghai) to Ukraine (sea) highway segment second contract start and end mileage K11 +300 ~ K22 +700, full 11.4KM, according to two-way four-lane design.
Mainline pavement structure:
Upper layer: the top layer of asphalt Horseshoe fat (SMA-13A) 4CM
In the surface layer: surface layer of asphalt concrete (AC-20B) 6CM
The following layers: Asphalt Concrete (AC-25B) 8CM
2. Segregation
Asphalt road surface segregation is a major area of asphalt mixture uneven nature, such as asphalt content, aggregate composition, additive content and the porosity and other surface.
3. Segregation of the hazard
Segregation of the event, they changed the original design of the pavement with, the quality of asphalt pavement segregation great harm. In particular in:
○ 1 rolling process, easily crushed coarse aggregate
○ 2 aggregate surface area increases, resulting in rolling after molding loose, damaged road pavement structural strength of influence
○ 3 concentration of coarse aggregate to pavement deterioration of local density, high porosity, easily formed in the surface water, causing water damage to the road early
○ 4 disease have a lot of asphalt mixture segregation and closely related, such as: loose, net crack, holes, local severe Track Channel, local weeping, newly paved asphalt pavement structure of the depth of inequality.
○ 5 Segregation of Asphalt Pavement Compaction will proce differences in degree of compaction, smoothness impact damaged the car's comfort
4. Segregation of species
Segregation will affect the road surface appearance, asphalt mixture segregation can be broadly classified into two types: level and temperature segregation with segregation. Gradation segregation occurs, asphalt road coarse material concentrated in some regions, while others focus on regional fine materials, making become uneven mixture gradation and asphalt content and design are inconsistent, leading to poor road showing the structure and texture characteristics . Concentration of fine material in some regions, the porosity is small, there may be weeping, rutting; other coarse material concentrated in some regions, high porosity, surface water may cause damage. Temperature segregation is the mixture in the storage, transportation and spreading in the weather, construction machinery impact, because the temperature difference between heat loss and the situation there. Mixture temperature of segregation, will lead to uneven road surface compaction, low temperature region, the road porosity greater texture depth of greater road in these areas prone to early damage. Temperature of the consequences of segregation and isolation graded as severe, can lead to premature failure of asphalt pavement, greatly shorten the life of asphalt pavement. Research shows that serious segregation of the road life may be reced by 50% or more. Present some early Asphalt Pavement damage, such as loose, net crack, holes, local severe Track Channel, local weeping, newly paved asphalt pavement structure of the depth of inequality, with the asphalt mixture segregation are closely related.
5. Segregation generation
Asphalt Mixture Segregation affect the characteristics of the pavement, and segregation issue has been throughout the construction process, it is the construction unit has long been one of the urgent solution of the problem.
5.1 Segregation of raw materials
In the raw materials transported from the quarry to the mixing station piling up, because a high degree of reason, a large aggregate rolled off the bottom of the heap in the material to form a coarse aggregate material the first focus, which will Segregation material mixing machine feeding in the cold difficult to control when different silos of the material ratio;
5.2 Segregation of mixing station mixing machine
When using the scraper conveyor to unload mixture into the finished proct hopper, the hopper must be located in the central discharge hopper, or the body in a barrel of vertical segregation, that crude is expected to roll it toward the side of hopper.
When using the scraper conveyor to unload into the ingredient mixture into the bucket and then finished unloading hopper, the ingredients should be kept as part of each discharge mixture, so that all the material emptied, the scraper conveyor of the mixture directly into the hopper caused segregation within
Proct discharge from the hopper, the discharge should be quickly opened the door, do not allow mixture to flow slowly, so as to avoid segregation
5.3 Material Segregation
Asphalt mp truck from the finished proct warehouse discharge to the transport process, the same as drop-off, large aggregate will be rolling in the car on both sides to form a coarse aggregate of the second concentration;
5.4 Discharge segregation
Transportation mp truck unloading in the mixture to the paver, the large aggregate in paver and a half car rolled near the formation of coarse aggregate the third concentration;
5.5 Segregation Feed
Paver feeders in the feed process, the first intermediate aggregate device to send the cloth, the remaining coarse aggregate retained in the hopper, the paver hopper collection, the formation of coarse aggregate of the fourth concentration; construction process The temperature segregation.
5.6 The joint segregation
Joint segregation in the upper layer construction is more common, especially in the section of pavement widening, the small number of paver or mixing plant capacity is low, thanks to two Paver, Road, the central vertical heat joints are often the weakest link. Seams paving mixture too much or too little will proce Segregation in the seams, will form a bridge over the effects of compaction on both sides of affected joints, seams less inadequate compaction. If the two are inconsistent paver paving thickness, the small thickness of the side seams are not easily compacted. Behind the paver two different rolling temperatures also cause excessive joint segregation. In addition, isolation joints are often the end of segregation in conjunction with trucks or other forms of segregation in the formation of combination effects. As the vertical seams in the lane, the number of multi-wheel loads, which often proces greater harm.
6. Segregation of control
6.1 Control of materials piling up approach
Layered aggregates (especially coarse aggregate) can rece the random segregation problem. Loader stacking up piles of material, the material on the particle size should be large changes in the slope layer by piling, slope less than 1:3. In the yard space to allow the case to minimize the height of the heap material. If the coarse aggregate in the stockpile segregation occurred in the bottom, front-end loader will be used to re-mixing material, the hopper can be sent to the cold. Unloading and loading to enhance stockpile management, the key is to rece the random segregation.
6.2 Temperature Control Mixing Station
Temperature to determine the factory by the paving temperature. Mixture temperature losses influenced by the weather, according to the distance of the mixture of time and storage, construction of the asphalt test section of the process to determine the temperature loss, to determine the temperature of asphalt factory. Aggregate level of the heating temperature is mainly affected by fluctuations in raw material moisture content, and thus affect the quality of asphalt and asphalt mixing plant proctivity. Fine aggregate rain shelter structures can effectively control the water content and rece the volatility of aggregate temperature, and can save heating oil and rece costs.
6.3 Loading and Unloading vehicles
Prevent the formation of vehicle loading and segregation, in the loading process, should be at least three times a load, the first near the front of the car, the second near the rear, the third time in the middle of the car by this method can basically eliminate the formation of the segregation load. If mixed with a material for each load, the top of the car by sliding movement of the vehicles can even load, it loads the effect of the score three times even better. In addition, when a car when the mixture into the paver, the first time from the top to fill the hopper once and should be so that the mixture as a whole into the paver hopper, so to avoid car unloading caused by segregation.
6.4 paver paving operation
Paver paving process to maintain stable and continuous spiral fabric uniform rotation device, spreader feeders on both sides to maintain a high degree of not less than 2 / 3 of mixture to prevent the formation of the outer spiral fabric mixture accumulation device segregation. After each discharge as mp truck paver hopper scraper conveyor on both sides there will always be less than scraping the mixture, which is often coarse material after segregation. If every time close to the paver hopper mixture paving, road laws of segregation phenomena occur. Resolve this problem, close the hopper should be minimized, artificial accumulation not affect the leveling hopper mp truck mping mainly to minimize the mixture segregation, and the paver in a car expected to be finished, close the feeder, so get off after the material uniformly into the feed and cloth. Unloading the car when the paver, uninstall the fast speed as far as possible, as far as possible to ensure continuous paver operation, do not stop. Adjust the speed of paver paving and mixing station to the feed rate is the same.
6.5 Joint Treatment
In Weiwu highway paving, in the normal section, using two ABG-423-type paver simultaneously, paver to ensure two before six cars waiting for unloading transport material, and between pavers spacing not greater than 20 meters.
The paving of the widened section to the Highway Bureau of Dongying City, the introction of a Suge Le paver, three forward together in a section of paving. To avoid cold joints, to avoid temperature segregation.
6.6 Rolling
Compaction is to ensure that an important part of the quality of road construction. To ensure compactness and flatness, rolling should follow the "high-frequency, low amplitude, followed, less water, slow pressure" principle, from low to high, full-rolling. Roller should be rolled slow even pace, according to initial pressure roller rolling speed, complex pressure, final pressure and the corresponding roller type.