1. 土木工程專業英語全文翻譯
Introction to Civil Engineering Papers
Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960』s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we』re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : 「day」, 「night」 ,and 「services」 .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the 「day 「rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the 「night 「rooms consist of the bedrooms .the 「services 「comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a 「shed 」type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
2. 《土木工程專業英語》翻譯
專業英語的教與學 unit2 ??text??civil engineers ??reading material ?(1)??being a civil engineer ?(2)??need of civil engineers for
3. 各位大俠幫忙翻譯下土木工程專業英語翻譯~
在土壤中的粒子尺寸范圍很廣：從200毫米左右下降到少部分粘土比0.001毫米. 雖然自然土壤是各種大小的顆粒混合物，它經常會發現優勢在一個規模相對狹窄的頻段發生。當這種規模的頻帶寬度很窄的泥土被稱為不良的分級，如果是廣泛的土壤被認為是良好的分級，在工程的屬性: 體積應變，
霜凍的敏感性，應對壓力，直接或間接粒度特徵有關。
encoutered---- encountered
commom-------------common
4. 土木工程專業英語翻譯!
不排水抗剪強度概況獲得Nilcon葉片進行的試驗在油箱農場中顯示Fig.3.Nilcon葉片試驗也進行了不同地點的鄰近設施Attawapiskat 。所有Nilcon葉片數據進行編制，並以圖，其中每個符號介紹了鑽孔鑽在不同地點的Attawapiskat包括飛機燃料儲存庫，駁船碼頭， laydown領域中顯示Fig.2.As顯示在圖4的不排水抗剪強度的地殼層為30至150 ;和強度下降迅速，深入第一4米不排水抗剪強度的主要粉質粘土層（底層地殼層）隨深度約20至30日4 〜 6米深約30到50在14至16米的深度。不同的敏感性4和8之間，這表明中期的敏感性。基於塑性指數一般10至20日， Bjerrum校正因子的外地葉片測試結果被認為是大約1.0 。
圖的不排水抗剪強度概況獲得Nilcon葉片進行的試驗在油箱農場
圖4也顯示了非常低的不排水抗剪強度剖面測量的位置，鑽孔的V - 03 - 395E鑽孔通過三點一米厚填補丘在laydown區（見圖2 ） 。強度的主要粉質粘土層在這個特別的位置范圍從14日至20日，這是非常低的趨勢，在其他測試地點Attawapiskat 。這種變化是在不排水強度的關注，在設計研究，並進一步調查葉片通過額外Nilcon測試，化驗和調查的歷史，填補了現有的投手。調查的結論表明，不排水抗剪強度異常可能是造成過度強調從填補材料，這是最初儲存了約6米高。這一損失的實力證實了基礎設計關注本網站。比例不排水抗剪強度（下限范圍值） ，以現有的垂直有效應力，超過1.0的地殼層，不同大約從0.5到0.3的過渡區，布朗之間的地殼和灰色軟，以堅定的存款（在深度4至7米） ，從0.3到0.2以下。常規oedometer （一維固結）試驗進行了選定謝爾比管樣品從鑽孔的V - 03 - 392E和V - 03 - 393E.The解釋鞏固特色的摘要列於表1.Two價值的比例不排水抗剪強度的先期固結壓力， （根據試驗結果oedometer ，討論以下） ，被認為是0.26和0.29 。
5. 土木工程專業英語的部分翻譯,誰能幫我翻一下
長期代理的定義中的建設管理的結果在施工管理公司具有不同的法律關系與項目業主比傳統的總承包商。
作為一個獨立的承包商，總承包商沒有權力採取行動的項目業主在處理與外部各方。
不同的獨立承包商，代理人有服務的義務，作為業主，如果他或她是一個僱主的擁有人，代理人的法律權威，代表業主和進行商業交易的所有者的代表。
6. 求 土木工程專業英語下冊（蘇小卒 ） 課文翻譯
WOOD BRIDGE FAILURE ANALYSIS
by
Charles C. Roberts, Jr.
There are many private bridges owned by insured's throughout the country. The maintenance of these bridges is typically the responsibility of the insured. From time to time, a vehicle traveling over the bridge will cause a collapse of the bridge, damage to the vehicle and possible personal injury. The owner of the bridge, the insured, is often accused of negligent maintenance of the structure. This may or may not be true. Factors regarding the loss that tend to implicate the insured are:
1. Deterioration of the wood bridge structure
2. Improper design of the bridge structure
3. Improper construction
Deterioration of the wood structure can be easily observed from failed wood members (see Claims, March 1991, Wood Failure Analysis). Dry rot, insect attack, and other decay related failure modes signal the weakening of the structure. Improper design can be assessed by looking at plans and determining the load capacity of the structure by calculation. Improper material selection such as not specifying treated wood at specific locations may be a design deficiency. Finally, improper construction, such as failure to install members or bolts can sufficiently weaken a structure.
The mere failure of a bridge, where the claimant gets "mped in the creek" is not usually persuasive in assigning liability to the insured. Some examples of factors implicating claimants are:
1. Operating an overloaded vehicle
2. Impacting the structure causing failure
3. Traveling at a speed such that dynamic forces overload the structure
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
Overloading a construction vehicle to save trips to the rock quarry is not unheard of. Vehicular impact with a bridge structural member can cause failure. Dynamic forces, those caused by bouncing or swaying, can superimpose additional loads on the bridge, causing a failure. Figure 1 is a view of a large truck that attempted to back over a private bridge to mp a load of gravel. Immediately, when the rear al axles of the truck were supported by the bridge, a collapse occurred, trapping the truck on the bridge. The truck was recovered and the bridge analyzed. Figure 2 shows a wood beam that had failed in a rotted area. The loss scenario is a classic failure to maintain.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
Figures 3 and 4 are views of a private suspension footbridge over a small creek. The insured was in the habit of letting snowmobilers drive their sleds over the bridge between farm fields. While crossing the bridge, a sled and driver fell through the bridge into the creek. Failure analysis of the wood stringers showed a degree of rot, recing the load carrying capacity. However, the bouncing of the snowmobile as it crossed the wood stringers added dynamic loading to the system resulting in the loss. Here a combination of wood rot and dynamic loading explains the failure.
When analyzing bridge failures, structural analysis of the bridge aids in the determination of load capacity. Computing or measuring the vehicle load determines the safety margin of the system, i.e., the difference between the bridge load capacity and the load carried. Finally, investigating deterioration, construction and design peculiarities further refines the cause of failure.
7. 翻譯土木工程專業英語，多謝
1.As科學知識的增加，因此沒有實際應用。十八世紀開始實行了通常所稱的工業革命，在這種機器開始做更多的工作，以前一直由人或動物。在十九世紀和在我們自己的一天，雙方的科學研究和實際應用其成果取得了進展迅速。他們給的土木工程師新的和更有力的材料，數學公式，他可以使用的計算強調，將遇到的結構，機器，能夠建造摩天大樓，水壩，隧道和橋梁，可能從來沒有之前建成。
2.Many不同種類的工程師常常工作大型項目，如太空探索或核電廠的發展。在太空計劃，例如，發射台和火箭裝配和儲存建設佛羅里達州卡納維拉爾角，最大的此類結構在世界主要工作的土木工程師。在一個核電廠，民間的工程師負責設計和建造工廠本身，以及屏蔽保護的核反應堆。在這兩個案件，但民間的工程師與專家工作在航空航天，核能和電氣工程。在項目的這種，工程師是一個成員的團隊，往往是由系統工程師誰建設協調所有成員的團隊。由於團隊是必要的，如此眾多的工程項目的今天，一個重要的資格是工程師的工作能力成功地與其他人。
3.Still另一結果增加了科學知識的是，工程已經發展成為一種職業。專業是一個佔領像法律，醫學，或工程，需要專門的，先進的教育;事實上，它們往往是所謂的「經驗教訓的職業」 。直到19世紀，工程師一般是工匠或項目組織者誰的經驗教訓他們的技能通過學徒制，在職培訓，或審判和錯誤。如今，許多工程師花幾年在大學學習的先進程度。然而，即使是那些工程師誰不學習先進程度必須意識到改變其欄位和相關。土木工程劑量誰不知道新材料，已成為可不能成功地競爭與誰做
8. 土木工程專業英語翻譯
表4說明，在重力的作用下，A支承和B支承的反作用力沒有很大的區別。A支承的反作用力大於B支承，是因為橋梁結構的傾斜面，且A側高於B側。在30噸+30噸+30噸的重力下，A支承和B支承的反作用力都在發生變化。當負載增加到50噸+50噸t+50噸和重力（參見圖13）， A支承的反作用力為18.4KN, 。 當20噸+55噸+55噸載荷和重力位於橋跨的中間時（參見圖13），A支承的反作用力為-25.7KN.它表示A支承也在脫出。當55噸+55噸和55噸負載和重力施加於橋梁時，A支承的反作用力為94.1KN.A支承沒有分離，它的反作用力很小。如果偶然載荷和55噸+55噸的重車同時在橋上通過，橋梁就會很危險。
總結以上計算和分析的結果表明橋梁的穩定性不僅僅是負載的大小，更重要的是其受重的位置。為了保證交通的安全，必須限制超載和必須限制兩輛55噸車同時通過。
以上僅供參考！
9. 土木工程專業英語 一篇翻譯
對不起 我不善於這個專業的翻譯 這兩天忙也沒時間翻譯
10. 土木工程專業英語翻譯 段兵延
已經發送到你的QQ郵箱！