㈠ 5000字關於土木工程類的英語論文，並帶中文翻譯
有一篇施工監控的論文，你查收一下吧，希望對你有用！
㈡ 土木工程專業英語論文翻譯
具體要求呢？行者文字工作室！
㈢ 求一篇土木工程專業英語的英語文章和漢語翻譯，必重謝
你也太小氣了吧，這么難的問題，還要1500以上，你只給10分懸賞，唉，我絕對無能為力...
㈣ 高分求一篇5000字關於土木工程類的英語論文，並帶中文翻譯
金木水火土。
㈤ 土木工程英語論文翻譯
可以看看這個 呵呵 是 土木專業英語上的課文
building types and design
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960』s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we』re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : 「day」, 「night」 ,and 「services」 .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the 「day 「rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the 「night 「rooms consist of the bedrooms .the 「services 「comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a 「shed 」type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
翻譯：
建築類型和設計
建築物與人們有著緊密的聯系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。
根據適用類型不同，建築物可以分為兩類：工業建築和民用建築。工業建築包括各個工廠或工業生產所使用建築，民用建築是指那些人們用以居住，就業，教育和其他社會活動的建築場所。
工業建築的廠房可用於采礦業，冶金工業，機械製造，化學工業和紡織工業等各類領域的加工和製造。廠房可分為兩種類型：單層的和多層的。工業建築也屬於建築的一種。但是，工業建築與民用建築所用的材料和建築方式不同。
民用建築按使用可分為兩大類：住宅建築和公共建築。住宅建築要適應家庭生活。每個單位應包括至少三個必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建築可在政治，文化活動，管理工作和其他服務，如學校，寫字樓，公園，醫院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過來又需要不同的設計類型。
房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的內容，但今天人們需要更多的住房內容。一個家庭在進入一個新的社區後將知道，現有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標准。還要考慮其附近是否有相應的配套設施，如食品市場，學校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區中心等。
在60年代中期住房最重要的價值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數家庭會首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業余活動。在高度工業化的國家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠離市中心商業圈的住房，即使距離上班地點不得不有一段距離。相當多的家庭首選是郊區的住房，因為他們的主要目的是要遠離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個決定性因素，因為大多數人都是開著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和卧室的數目。
在工程項目開始之前，要做好建築設計和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建築建成後是什麼樣子以及下一步應該做什麼。
在建築設計中要特別重視房間的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個住宅建築設計中，布局可考慮以下三個方面： 「白天」 ， 「夜晚」和「服務」。必須注意這些空間區域之間的連通交流。 「白天」房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會增加，如書房，並有可能成為一個大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。 「夜間」房間包括卧室、客房。「服務」用房間包括廚房，浴室，儲藏室 ，和廁所等。廚房和儲藏室需設置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。
此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題，當然最好盡可能的將那些經常使用的房間朝南設置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環境和地點、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達到最佳要求。在解決這些復雜的問題，還必須按照當地城市規劃條例所涉及的對公共設施，人口密度，建築物高度，綠化面積，建築紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建築的情況，等等。
盡管工業建築需要符合當地城市規劃條例但很少有標准化的工業樓宇。現代廠房建築的趨勢是輕質、通風。一般的鋼筋混凝土結構或鋼結構的工廠，可以得到一個「跌」型脊屋頂，把窗戶開向北以便使分布均勻的自然採光不會直射進來造成刺眼。
㈥ 求一篇關於土木工程方面的英文論文 帶中文翻譯3000字左右的！！！！！！！！！！！
一份樣本……
㈦ 我急需一篇關於土木工程的中英文翻譯論文 5000字
土木工程概論論文
對土木工程的發展起關鍵作用的，首先是作為工程物質基礎的土木建築材料，其次是隨之發展起來的設計理論和施工技術。每當出現新的優良的建築材料時，土木工程就 會有飛躍式的發展。
人們在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料從事營造活動，後來出現了磚和瓦這種人工建築材料，使人類第一次沖破了天然建築材料的束縛。中國在公元前十一世紀 的西周初期製造出瓦。最早的磚出現在公元前五世紀至公元前三世紀戰國時的墓室中。磚和瓦具有比土更優越的力學性能，可以就地取材，而又易於加工製作。
磚和瓦的出現使人們開始廣泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。由此土木工程技術得到了飛速的發展。直至18～19世紀，在長達兩千多年時間里，磚和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建築材料，為人類文明作出了偉大的貢獻，甚至在目前還被廣泛採用。
鋼材的大量應用是土木工程的第二次飛躍。 十七世紀70年代開始使用生鐵、十九世紀初開始使用熟鐵建造橋梁和房屋，這是鋼結構出現的前奏。
從十九世紀中葉開始，冶金業冶煉並軋制出抗拉和抗壓強度都很高、延性好、質量均勻的建築鋼材，隨後又生產出高強度鋼絲、鋼索 。於是適應發展需要的鋼結構得到蓬勃發展。除應用原有的粱、拱結構外，新興的桁架、框架、網架結構、懸索結構逐漸推廣，出現了結構形式百花爭艷的局面。
建築物跨徑從磚結構、石結構、木結構的幾米、幾十米發展到鋼結構的百米、幾百米，直到現代的千米以上。於是在大江、海峽上架起大橋，在地面上建造起摩天大樓和高聳鐵塔，甚至在地面下鋪設鐵路，創造出前所未有的奇跡。
為適應鋼結構工程發展的需要，在牛頓力學的基礎上，材料力學、結構力學、工程結構設計理論等就應運而生。施工機械、施工技術和施工組織設計的理論也隨之發展，土木工程從經驗上升成為科學，在工程實踐和基礎理論方面都面貌一新，從而促成了土木工程更迅速的發展。
十九世紀20年代，波特蘭水泥製成後，混凝土問世了。混凝土骨料可以就地取材，混凝土構件易於成型，但混凝土的抗拉強度很小，用途受到限制。 十九世紀中葉以後，鋼鐵產量激增，隨之出現了鋼筋混凝土這種新型的復合建築材料，其中鋼筋承擔拉力，混凝土承擔壓力，發揮了各自的優點。 二十世紀初以來，鋼筋混凝土廣泛應用於土木工程的各個領域。
從三十年代開始，出現了預應力混凝土。預應力混凝土結構的抗裂性能、剛度和承載能力，大大高於鋼筋混凝土結構，因而用途更為廣闊。土木工程進入了鋼筋混凝土和預應力混凝土占統治地位的歷史時期。混凝土的出現給建築物帶來了新的經濟、美觀的工程結構形式，使土木工程產生了新的施工技術和工程結構設計理論。這是土木工程的又一次飛躍發展。
土木工程的特點
建造一項工程設施一般要經過勘察、設計和施工三個階段，需要運用工程地質勘察、水文地質勘察、工程測量、土力學、工程力學、工程設計、建築材料、建築設備、工程機械、建築經濟等學科和施工技術、施工組織等領域的知識 ，以及電子計算機和力學測試等技術。因而土木工程是一門范圍廣闊的綜合性學科。隨著科學技術的進步和工程實踐的發展，土木工程這個學科也已發展成為內涵廣泛、門類眾多、結構復雜的綜合體系。
土木工程是伴隨著人類社會的發展而發展起來的。它所建造的工程設施反映出各個歷史時期社會經濟、文化、科學、技術發展的面貌，因而土木工程也就成為社會歷史發展的見證之一。
遠古時代，人們就開始修築簡陋的房舍、道路、橋梁和溝澶，以滿足簡單的生活和生產需要。後來，人們為了適應戰爭、生產和生活以及宗教傳播的需要，興建了城池、運河、宮殿、寺廟以及其他各種建築物。
許多著名的工程設施顯示出人類在這個歷史時期的創造力。例如，中國的長城、都江堰、大運河、趙州橋、應縣木塔，埃及的金字塔，希臘的巴台農神廟，羅馬的給水工程、科洛西姆圓形競技場(羅馬大斗獸場)，以及其他許多著名的教堂、宮殿等。
產業革命以後，特別是到了20世紀，一方面社會向土木工程提出了新的需求；另一方面，社會各個領域為土木工程的前進創造了良好的條件。因而這個時期的土木工程得到突飛猛進的發展。在世界各地出現了現代化規模宏大的工業廠房、摩天大廈，核電站、高速公路和鐵路、大跨橋梁、大直徑運輸管道長隧道、大運河、大堤壩、大飛機場、大海港以及海洋工程等等。現代土木工程不斷地為人類社會創造嶄新的物質環境，成為人類社會現代文明的重要組成部分。
土木工程是具有很強的實踐性的學科。在早期，土木工程是通過工程實踐，總結成功的經驗，尤其是吸取失敗的教訓發展起來的。從17世紀開始，以伽利略和牛頓為先導的近代力學同土木工程實踐結合起來，逐漸形成材料力學、結構力學、流體力學、岩體力學，作為土木工程的基礎理論的學科。這樣土木工程才逐漸從經驗發展成為科學。
在土木工程的發展過程中，工程實踐經驗常先行於理論，工程事故常顯示出未能預見的新因素，觸發新理論的研究和發展。至今不少工程問題的處理，在很大程度上仍然依靠實踐經驗。
土木工程技術的發展之所以主要憑借工程實踐而不是憑借科學試驗和理論研究，有兩個原因：一是有些客觀情況過於復雜，難以如實地進行室內實驗或現場測試和理論分析。例如，地基基礎、隧道及地下工程的受力和變形的狀態及其隨時間的變化，至今還需要參考工程經驗進行分析判斷。二是只有進行新的工程實踐，才能揭示新的問題。例如，建造了高層建築、高聳塔桅和大跨橋梁等，工程的抗風和抗震問題突出了，才能發展出這方面的新理論和技術。
在土木工程的長期實踐中，人們不僅對房屋建築藝術給予很大注意，取得了卓越的成就；而且對其他工程設施，也通過選用不同的建築材料，例如採用石料、鋼材和鋼筋混凝土，配合自然環境建造了許多在藝術上十分優美、功能上又十分良好的工程。古代中國的萬里長城，現代世界上的許多電視塔和斜張橋，都是這方面的例子。
Introction to Civil Engineering Papers
Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
The characteristics of Civil Engineering
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
㈧ 土木工程論文翻譯
該計劃包括六件兩跨連續梁的斷面圖所示。 1 。考慮到預應力混凝土連續梁橋通過在橋梁工程中通常有不同的部分，因此，高度測試梁是50厘米和30厘米的中期支持和中跨部分，分別和線性變化本節之間的高度是通過中期支持和中跨
一節。
設計混凝土配合比確定試驗和錯誤。為了提高加工的混凝土，高效減水劑（高效減水劑）的使用，最後組合混凝土1:0.35:0.98:2.52:0.012 （水泥：水：砂：粗骨料：高效減水劑） 。鋼纖維用於在本研究中有一個形狀的連接端。基本材料特性混凝土見表1 。基本材料特性預應力
肌腱和鋼筋列於表2 。
㈨ 跪求關於土木工程方面的英語翻譯論文，中英文都有的~~~
太長了,我把中英分開吧.
土木工程的英文是Civil Engineering ,直譯是民用工程，它是建造各種工程的統稱。它既指建設的對象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設施，也指應用的材料設備和進行的勘測，設計施工，保養，維修等專業技術。
土木工程隨著人類社會的進步而發展，至今已經演變成為大型綜合性的學科，它已經出許多分支，如：建築工程，鐵路工程，道路工程，橋梁工程，特種工程結構，給水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，環境工程等學科。土木工程共有六個專業：建築學，城市規劃，土木工程，建築環境與設備工程，給水排水工程和道路橋梁工程。
土木工程作為一個重要的基礎學科，有其重要的屬性：綜合性，社會性，實踐性，統一性。土木工程為國民經濟的發展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物質技術基礎，對眾多產業的振興發揮了促進作用，工程建設是形成固定資產的基本生產過程，因此，建築業和房地產成為許多國家和地區的經濟支柱之一。
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古代的土木工程有很長的時間跨度，大致從公元前500年新石器時代出現原始的土木工程活動到16世紀末義大利的文藝復興，導致土木工程走上迅速發展的道路為止，前後經歷了兩千多年。在這段時間內，由於科學理論發展及其緩慢，土木工程也沒有突破習慣的發展。
從17世紀中頁開始到20 世紀40年代第二次世界大戰結束為止的300年間，國外的建築取得了長足的進步。土木工程進入了定量分析階段。一些理論的發展，新材料的出現，新工具的發明，都使土木工程科學日漸完善和成熟。到了近代，二戰結束之後，許多國家經濟起飛，現代科學日益進步，從而為進一步發展提供了強大的動力和物質基礎。
人們生活水平的不斷提高，必然要求越來越舒適的居住環境，在這種情況下，建築的發展直接推動了土木工程的發展。
總的來說土木工程是一門古老的學科，它已經取得了巨大的成就，未來的土木工程將在人們的生活中占據更重要的地位。地球環境的日益惡化，人口的不斷增加，人們為了爭取生存，為了爭取更舒適的生存環境，必將更加重視土木工程。在不久的將來，一些重大項目將會陸續興建，插入雲霄的摩天大樓，橫跨大樣的橋梁，更加方便的交通將不是夢想。科技的發展，以及地球不斷惡化的環境必將促使土木工程向太空和海洋發展，為人類提供更廣闊的生存空間。近年來，工程材料主要是鋼筋，混凝土，木材和磚材，在未來，傳統材料將得到改觀，一些全新的更加適合建築的材料將問世，尤其是化學合成材料將推動建築走向更高點。同時，設計方法的精確化，設計工作的自動化，信息和智能話技術的全面引入，將會是人們有一個更加舒適的居住環境。一句話，理論的發展，新材料的出現，計算機的應用，高新技術的引入等都將使土木工程有一個新的飛躍.
English is the Civil Engineering Civil Engineering, civil engineering is literally, it is the construction of the project collectively. It means building objects that the construction on the ground, underground, water works facilities, equipment and materials to use in surveying, design construction, maintenance, repair and other professional skills. Civil Engineering with the progress of the human society, has been transformed into large integrated disciplines, it has a number of branches, such as : construction, rail projects, road projects, bridge projects, special project structure, water drainage works, the port project, water, environmental engineering disciplines. A total of six professional Civil Engineering : architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, construction and environmental engineering equipment, water drainage works and road bridge project.
Civil Engineering as an important foundation subjects, its important attribute : an integrated, social, practicality, uniformity. Civil Engineering for the development of the national economy and improve the living standards of the people provided important material and technological foundation for the revitalization of many instries played a catalytic role in the construction of fixed assets is a basic proction process, the construction and real estate in many countries and regions become a pillar of the economy
Ancient Civil Engineering has a long time span, roughly 500 years before Christ from the original date in civil engineering activities to the 16 century Italian Renaissance, resulting in the rapid development of the Civil Engineering on the road today, and has experienced more than 2,000 years. During this period, e to the development of scientific theories and slow, there is no breakthrough in civil engineering practices.
Century from 17 pages to 40 years in the 20th century end of the Second World War 300 years, foreign construction made great strides. Civil Engineering has entered a phase of quantitative analysis. Some theoretical development, the emergence of new materials, new tools of invention, the Civil Engineering Science is perfection and maturity. In modern times, after the end of World War II, many countries economic takeoff, the increasing advances of modern science, so as to provide a powerful impetus to further development and material basis. People's living conditions continue to improve, more and more comfortable living environment for the inevitable in the circumstances, the construction of development directly to the Civil Engineering development.
㈩ 求一篇5000字關於土木工程類的英語論文，並帶中文翻譯
odic, or ill-directed labor; but faithful,