1. 建築翻譯,土木工程的外文翻譯
這種翻譯是要收錢的~~~
我說實話~~~這東西沒幾個小時搞不定~~~肯定要查東西的~~~
2. 有關土木工程的外文學術期刊有哪些啊
土木工程的話肯定是EI、SCI了，下面是一些簡介，希望對你有幫助，求加分...............
SCI：是一部國際性的檢索刊物，包括有：自然科學、生物、醫學、農業、技術和行為科學等，主要側重基礎科學。所選用的刊物來源於94個類、40多個國家、50多種文字，這些國家主要有美國、英國、荷蘭、德國、俄羅斯、法國、日本、加拿大等，也收錄一定數量的中國刊物。
EI：《工程索引》（The Engineering Index，簡稱EI）創刊於1884年，是美國工程信息公司（Engineering information Inc.）出版的著名工程技術類綜合性檢索工具。EI每月出版1期，文摘1.3萬至1.4萬條；每期附有主題索引與作者索引；每年還另外出版年卷本和年度索引，年度索引還增加了作者單位索引。收錄文獻幾乎涉及工程技術各個領域。例如：動力、電工、電子、自動控制、礦冶、金屬工藝、機械製造、土建、水利等。它具有綜合性強、資料來源廣、地理覆蓋面廣、報道量大、報道質量高、權威性強等特點。
3. 求土木工程畢業外文翻譯一篇
building types and design
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960』s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we』re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : 「day」, 「night」 ,and 「services」 .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the 「day 「rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the 「night 「rooms consist of the bedrooms .the 「services 「comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a 「shed 」type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
翻譯：
建築類型和設計
建築物與人們有著緊密的聯系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。
根據適用類型不同，建築物可以分為兩類：工業建築和民用建築。工業建築包括各個工廠或工業生產所使用建築，民用建築是指那些人們用以居住，就業，教育和其他社會活動的建築場所。
工業建築的廠房可用於采礦業，冶金工業，機械製造，化學工業和紡織工業等各類領域的加工和製造。廠房可分為兩種類型：單層的和多層的。工業建築也屬於建築的一種。但是，工業建築與民用建築所用的材料和建築方式不同。
民用建築按使用可分為兩大類：住宅建築和公共建築。住宅建築要適應家庭生活。每個單位應包括至少三個必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建築可在政治，文化活動，管理工作和其他服務，如學校，寫字樓，公園，醫院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過來又需要不同的設計類型。
房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的內容，但今天人們需要更多的住房內容。一個家庭在進入一個新的社區後將知道，現有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標准。還要考慮其附近是否有相應的配套設施，如食品市場，學校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區中心等。
在60年代中期住房最重要的價值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數家庭會首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業余活動。在高度工業化的國家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠離市中心商業圈的住房，即使距離上班地點不得不有一段距離。相當多的家庭首選是郊區的住房，因為他們的主要目的是要遠離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個決定性因素，因為大多數人都是開著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和卧室的數目。
在工程項目開始之前，要做好建築設計和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建築建成後是什麼樣子以及下一步應該做什麼。
在建築設計中要特別重視房間的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個住宅建築設計中，布局可考慮以下三個方面： 「白天」 ， 「夜晚」和「服務」。必須注意這些空間區域之間的連通交流。 「白天」房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會增加，如書房，並有可能成為一個大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。 「夜間」房間包括卧室、客房。「服務」用房間包括廚房，浴室，儲藏室 ，和廁所等。廚房和儲藏室需設置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。
此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題，當然最好盡可能的將那些經常使用的房間朝南設置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環境和地點、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達到最佳要求。在解決這些復雜的問題，還必須按照當地城市規劃條例所涉及的對公共設施，人口密度，建築物高度，綠化面積，建築紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建築的情況，等等。
盡管工業建築需要符合當地城市規劃條例但很少有標准化的工業樓宇。現代廠房建築的趨勢是輕質、通風。一般的鋼筋混凝土結構或鋼結構的工廠，可以得到一個「跌」型脊屋頂，把窗戶開向北以便使分布均勻的自然採光不會直射進來造成刺眼。
4. 求一篇關於土木工程的外文翻譯或者文獻。
土木工程的外文翻譯或者文獻外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，並請及時知道評價，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，並請及時採納
5. 土木工程外文文獻
剛好我也在做畢業設計 把我的給你用吧！
Traditional Construction Proceres
As mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procere is performed by contractors. While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a profit. Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction costs. This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time schele. After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and services.
A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for construction. For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs elevators. Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general contractor.
Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a building. Such contractors are called prime contractors. Their work is scheled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the owner.
Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a building. Such organizations are called design-build contractors. One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment buildings. The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the homes.
Administration of the construction procere often is difficult. Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a fee. The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the building. Managers usually also supervise selection of subcontractors. During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on schele. In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and construction.
Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be unionized. Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their trade.
During construction, all work should be inspected. For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages inspectors. The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner』s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect』s superintendent, engineer』s superintendent, or resident engineer. The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe conditions. Such inspections may be made at frequent intervals.
In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental agencies. They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract documents. Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of construction. One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building code.
Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procere for a multistory building.
After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to proceed. The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway departments.
The general contractor plans and scheles construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the project. Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to proceed.
Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local conditions. A survey is then made to lay out construction.
Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the site. If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted away.
Next, the site is prepared to receive the building. This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility piping. For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is drained.
Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building rests. This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural framing. Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the roof. Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper levels. If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of personnel.
As the building rises, pipes, cts, and electric conit and wiring are installed. Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are constructed. At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are installed. If required, fireproofing is placed for steel framing. Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,
Finishing operations follow. There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and specifications. Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the site. Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the building. The sit is landscaped and paved. Finally, the building interior is painted and cleaned.
The owner』s representatives then give the building a final inspection. If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code requirements.
傳統的施工程序
眾所周知，在傳統的施工程序中進行施工的承包商。盡管他們想滿足業主和建築設計師的要求，但是最終還是以賺取利潤為主要目標的。因此，他們最初的任務是對編寫投標價格的建築成本進行准確的估計。這就需要進行前期調查的工作並且做出施工時間表。等合約批出後，施工方必須提供所有材料並支付其費用，設備，電力，勞動力。業主此時需要進行必要的監督。
一個總承包商承擔一個建築整體的責任。從事分包的承建商則需承擔建造工程所需的各個工作。例如，管道承包商安裝水管，電業承辦商安裝電氣系統，電梯則由電梯承包商安裝。他們與總承包商簽訂合同，費用由總承包商支付。
有時候，除了一個總承包商，還有各種專業承包商，如電氣和機械承包商，執行工作時需要與業主簽訂合同。這種承包商被稱為間接承包商。他們的工作，由總承包商協調，但它們都是由業主直接聯系。
還有些時候，業主可以使用設計建造方法同時兼有設計和建築施工單位的職能。這些單位被稱為設計建造承包商。這方面的一個類型的合同聘用的變化是由一戶住宅或低層住宅建築群的開發。在房屋建築設計和建造的住房，但設計之前需要由購買房屋的業主完成。
施工過程管理往往是困難的。因此，一些業主會去尋求專家的協助，這些專家被稱為專業施工經理，他們具有豐富的施工經驗。施工經理與總承包商進行談判，並選擇其中一個項目。施工經理通常還監督分包商。在施工期間，它們有助於控製成本，加快運送設備和材料，並保持工作的進度。在依法行政，協助設計和建設的情況下，業主可以選擇從事建築項目經理。
建築承包商僱用的勞動力，一般有大工和小工。大工再建築工程中從事技術活，如木工，管道工，工會成員和電工工會，小工則執行了分配給他們的工作。
在施工期間，一切工作都要驗收。因此，業主通過建築師和監理經常進行督查。可能是名為工程員，建築師或駐地工程師。作為業主的代表實地視察。核查人員必須確保工程符合合同文件的要求，並在安全的條件下進行的責任。這種檢查可作出重復。
此外，驗收還是需要一個或多個政府機構的代表。他們必須確保工程符合法律要求，並負責檢查與合同文件是否一致。這種視察一般定期或在某些階段施工結束以後進行。地方或國家建設部門具有管轄權。這些檢查的目的是確保符合當地或國家的建築規范。
以下是傳統多層建築施工的基本程序。
建造開始後合同授予開發商，業主可要求開發商開始施工之前簽約給或之後簽約發出書面通知的同時另一部分工作繼續進行。緊接著施工方根據需要獲取建築許可證，例如當地的建設，供水，污水處理，政府機構和公路部門。
總承包商的計劃和進度詳細施工作業以及動員項目設備和人員。分包商得到通知後，做出簽訂合同的意向或授予分包合同書，然後給出在適當的時候進行通知。
在施工前啟動，總承包商要進行的一項調查就是鄰近結構和地形，這些都要記錄在案，並要熟悉當地情況。這項調查結束以後，隨即進行布局建設。
承建商的現場辦事處都建在施工現場或附近。為了安全起見，必須從腳手架上移除的東西，產生的碎片都要運走。
下一步，該網架是為建設工程准備的。這項工作為地下室開挖和基礎開挖的深度，以及公用事業管道轉移找到正確的標高。深挖掘，土方支撐，底部排出。
建築開始於基礎上，然後是承重牆和結構框架的施工。梯子，樓梯，或電梯的安裝，可讓施工人員往返於各個樓層。此外，可安裝卷揚機來運送材料。
由於建築高度的上升，管道，電力管道和線路安裝以及永久地板，外牆，窗戶和構造的影響。在適當的時候，永久的電梯安裝。再需要的情況下可以安裝防火卷簾。其次，屋頂等地方也需要安裝。
精加工工序安裝有包括以下內容：天花板，瓷磚，牆板，牆壁鑲板，水管裝置，加熱爐，空氣調節設備，加熱和冷卻室裝置;自動扶梯;地板，窗戶玻璃;活動板，門;電氣設備和儀器，包括照明燈具，開關，變壓器，控制器，遵照項目的圖紙和規格。外地辦事處，圍欄，橋梁和其他臨時建築，公共設備，如天然氣，電力管道，水管，都連接到建築上。最後，是建築物內部的打掃和清洗。
業主的代表，會給建設工程作最後檢查。如果他們滿意並認為符合合同文件，那麼業主接受該項目，並交給總承包商的一個佔用證書，這表明，總承包商已完成建設，建設部門再根據建築規范的要求發放最後付款。
請採納。
6. 急求 土木工程外文翻譯
這是當年畢業時我的翻譯，因為原文有圖表等原文也超過10000字，沒法在這里發，如需要原文（pdf版及word版）及全部翻譯（5000字，中文），請留下郵箱。
摘要部分的翻譯：
各種斷面形狀鋼管混凝土的單軸應力應變關系
K.A.S. Susantha ， Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami*
土木工程學院，名古屋大學, Chikusa-ku ，名古屋 464-8603, 日本
收訖於2000年5月31日 ; 正式校定於2000年12月19日; 被認可於2001年2月14日
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摘要
一種預測受三軸壓應力混凝土的完全應力-應變曲線的方法被提出，這種三軸壓應力是由環形、箱形和八角形的鋼管混凝土中的限製作用導致的軸向荷載加測向壓力所產生的。有效的經驗公式被用來確定施加於環形鋼管混凝土柱內混凝土的側向壓力。FEM（有限元）分析法和混凝土-鋼箍交互作用模型已被用來估計施加於箱形和八角形柱的混凝土側向壓力。接著，進行了廣泛的參數研究，旨在提出一個經驗公式，確定不同的筒材料和結構特性下的最大平均側向壓力。如此計算出的側向壓力通過一個著名經驗公式確定出側向受限混凝土強度。對於高峰之後的應力-應變關系的確定，使用了有效的試驗結果。基於這些測試結果，和近似表達式來推算下降段的斜度和各種斷面形狀的筒內側向受限混凝土在確認的混凝土強度下的應變。推算出的混凝土強度和後峰值性能在允許的界限內與測試結果吻合得非常好。所提出的模型可用於包括樑柱構件在內的纖維分析，以確定抗震結構設計中混凝土填充鋼柱筒的極限狀態的推算標准。 •版權所有2001 Elsevier科學技術有限公司。
關鍵詞: 鋼管混凝土；限制；混凝土強度；延性；應力應變關系；纖維分析
Uniaxial stress–strain relationship of concrete confined by various shaped steel tubes
K.A.S. Susantha, Hanbin Ge, Tsutomu Usami *
Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
Received 31 May 2000; received in revised form 19 December 2000; accepted 14 February 2001
Abstract
A method is presented to predict the complete stress–strain curve of concrete subjected to triaxial compressive stresses caused by axial load plus lateral pressure e to the confinement action in circular, box and octagonal shaped concrete-filled steel tubes. Available empirical formulas are adopted to determine the lateral pressure exerted on concrete in circular concrete-filled steel columns. To evaluate the lateral pressure exerted on the concrete in box and octagonal shaped columns, FEM analysis is adopted with the help of a concrete–steel interaction model. Subsequently, an extensive parametric study is concted to propose an empirical
equation for the maximum average lateral pressure, which depends on the material and geometric properties of the columns. Lateral pressure so calculated is correlated to confined concrete strength through a well known empirical formula. For determination of the post-peak stress–strain relation, available experimental results are used. Based on the test results, approximated expressions to predict the slope of the descending branch and the strain at sustained concrete strength are derived for the confined concrete in columns having each type of sectional shapes. The predicted concrete strength and post-peak behavior are found to exhibit good
agreement with the test results within the accepted limits. The proposed model is intended to be used in fiber analysis involving beam–column elements in order to establish an ultimate state prediction criterion for concrete-filled steel columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. •2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Concrete-filled tubes; Confinement; Concrete strength; Ductility; Stress–strain relation; Fiber analysis
1. Introction
Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) are becoming increasingly popular in recent decades e to their excellent earthquake resisting characteristics such as high ctility and improved strength. As a result, numerous experimental investigations have been carried out in recent years to examine the overall performance of CFT columns [1–11]. Although the behavior of CFT columns has been extensively examined, the concrete core confinement is not yet well understood. Many of the previous research works have been mainly focused on investigating the performance of CFT columns with various limitations. The main variables subjected to such limitations were the concrete strength, plate width-to- thickness (or radius-to-thickness) ratios and shapes of the sections. Steel strength, column slenderness ratio and rate of loading were also additionally considered. It is understandable that examination of the effects of all the above factors on performances of CFTs in a wider range, exclusively on experimental manner, is difficult and costly. This can be overcome by following a suitable numerical theoretical approach which is capable of handling many experimentally unmanageable situations. At present, finite element analysis (FEM) is considered as the most powerful and accurate tool to simulate the actual behavior of structures. The accurate constitutive relationships for materials are essential for reliable results when such analysis proceres are involved. For example, CFT behavior may well be investigated through a suitable FEM analysis procere, provided that appropriate steel and concrete material models are available. One of the simplest yet powerful techniques for the examination of CFTs is fiber analysis. In this procere the cross section is discretized into many small regions where a uniaxial constitutive relationship of either concrete or steel is assigned. This type of analysis can be employed to predict the load–displacement relationships of CFT columns designed as earthquake resisting structures. The accuracy involved with the fiber analysis is found to be quite satisfactory with respect to the practical design purposes.
At present, an accurate stress–strain relationship for steel, which is readily applicable in the fiber analysis, is currently available [12]. However, in the case of concrete, only a few models that are suited for such analysis can be found [3,8,9]. Among them, in Tomii and Sakino』s model [3], which is applicable to square shaped columns, the strength improvement e to confinement has been neglected. Tang et al. [8] developed a model for circular tubes by taking into account the effect of geometry and material properties on strength enhancement as well as the post-peak behavior. Watanabe et al. [9] concted model tests to determine a stress–strain relationship for confined concrete and subsequently proposed a method to analyze the ultimate behavior of concrete-filled box columns considering local buckling of component plates and initial imperfections. Among the other recent investigations, the work done by Schneider [10] investigated the effect of steel tube shape and wall thickness on the ultimate strength of the composite columns. El-Tawil and Deierlein [11] reviewed and evaluated the concrete encased composite design provisions of the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318) [13], the AISC-LRFD Specifications [14] and the AISC Seismic Provisions [15], based on fiber section analyses considering the inelastic behavior of steel and concrete.
In this study, an analytical approach based on the existing experimental results is attempted to determine a complete uniaxial stress–strain law for confined concrete in relatively thick-walled CFT columns. The primary objective of the proposed stress–strain model is its application in fiber analysis to investigate the inelastic behavior of CFT columns in compression or combined compression and bending. Such analyses are useful in establishing rational strength and ctility prediction proceres of seismic resisting structures. Three types of sectional shapes such as circular, box and octagonal are considered. A concrete–steel interaction model is employed to estimate the lateral pressure on concrete. Then, the maximum lateral pressure is correlated to the strength of confined concrete through an empirical formula. A method based on the results of fiber analysis using assumed concrete models is adopted to calibrate the post-peak behavior of the proposed model. Finally, the complete axial load–average axial strain curves obtained through the fiber analysis using the newly proposed material model are compared with the test results. It should be noted that a similar type of interaction model as used in this study has been adopted by Nishiyama et al. [16], which has been combined with a so called peak load condition line in order to determine the maximum lateral pressure on reinforced concrete columns.
Meanwhile, previous researches [17,18] indicate that the stress–strain relationship of concrete under compressive load histories proces an envelope curve identical to the stress–strain curve obtained under monotonic loading. Therefore, in further studies, the proposed confined uniaxial stress–strain law can be extended to a cyclic stress–strain relationship of confined concrete by including a suitable unloading/reloading stress–strain rule.
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