『壹』 求一篇3000字左右的土木工程专业相关的外文翻译
邮箱 查收~~~~~~~~毕业设计论文 手动翻译的 不是机器~
『贰』 求一篇土木工程毕业设计外文翻译，要求外文资料来源及题目！急啊！
『叁』 求一篇土木工程毕业设计 外文资料翻译
桥梁式集装箱起重机设计113
1．前言………………………………………………………………………3
2．主要设计内容及参数……………………………………4
3．主梁结构设计……………………………………………………5
4．小车机构设计……………………………………………………7
7．起吊机构设计…………………………………………………11
6．支架设计……………………………………………………………14
8．设计小结……………………………………………………………15
9．主要参考文献…………………………………………………16
10.图纸文件设计前言
起重机被喻为“巨人之臂”，是广泛用于国民经济各部门进行物质生产和装卸搬运的重要设备。起重机的设计制造，从一个侧面反映了国家的工业现代化水平。我国起重机制造业奠基于20世纪50年代。70年代以来，起重机的类型、规格、性能和技术水平获得很大的发展。近年来在物流和工业企业发展的带动下，起重机行业进入飞速发展时期。
起重机主要分为桥梁式、悬臂式、塔式、龙门式、拉索式、液压伸缩臂式等形式。本设计以桥式双梁单小车集装箱起重机为例，介绍起重机的设计思路、设计内容以及设计方法。
起重机设计主要根据客户要求，在符合国家标准及机械工业标准中对起重机的要求下进行设计。设计方案的选择主要通过与客户沟通取得一致意见后确定，设计内容主要包括在起重机的实际工作环境下确定起重机的最大额定载荷、非正常载荷（如冲击载荷，风力载荷、震动载荷等）、操纵形式、使用寿命、检修方式以及安全等级等；确定起重机主要零部件的选材以及机加工和材料处理的方法；确定起重机的工作级别；确定其主要受力梁的截面形式、截面大小以及梁的材料选择和加工方法。由于桥梁式起重机体积和质量都比较大，所以在设计过程中还应考虑起重机的运输方案和安装方法。一 主要设计内容及参数1、起重机首先要确定的是工作级别本设计的起重机用于集装箱生产制造或物流行业。
起吊件为生产下线的集装箱，或物流行业待装货的集装箱，所以都是空箱。起吊重量为5T 根据起重机行业标准，不管是集装箱生产行业还是物流行业都是生产节奏比较快的，因此该起重机的工作级别定为A5级，起吊机构工作级别为M5。2、根据以上所规定级别设置设计内容及参数a.主梁结构
主梁涉及到的主要设计内容或参数主要有：主梁的截面形式、截面大小、所用材料、制作方法、主梁上平面的平面度、侧面的平面度和垂直度、主梁应该具有的上拱度，还有主梁上的轨道安装等等。b.支架结构
支架需要设计的主要内容和参数包括：截面形式、截面大小、使用材料、制作方法、支腿的垂直度误差、支腿与地面的连接方式等等。c.小车机构
小车机构要设计的主要内容和参数包括：小车架设计；起吊机构设计；小车行走机构设计。根据起吊重量设计小车架截面；根据所需要元件的安装位置设计小车架的结构；根据工作级别设计行走机构中电机的功率和类型；根据起吊高度确定卷筒的直径和长度；根据工作级别确定主电机的功率以及减速机的型号。确定其他一些元件的型号。应符合起重机行业标准中的相关内容；控制电路属于电气范畴在此不予讨论。 本文来自: 一流设计吧(www.16sheji8.cn) 详细出处参考： http://www.16sheji8.cn/onews.asp?id=1220
『肆』 急求一篇土木工程专业的外文翻译 毕业设计用 字数3000+
一篇土木工程专业的外文翻
你比较顺的内容
如何表达
『伍』 求土木工程毕业外文翻译一篇
building types and design
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
翻译：
建筑类型和设计
建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系，他为人们提供必要的空间，用以工作和生活。
根据适用类型不同，建筑物可以分为两类：工业建筑和民用建筑。工业建筑包括各个工厂或工业生产所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人们用以居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的建筑场所。
工业建筑的厂房可用于采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等各类领域的加工和制造。厂房可分为两种类型：单层的和多层的。工业建筑也属于建筑的一种。但是，工业建筑与民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。
民用建筑按使用可分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要适应家庭生活。每个单位应包括至少三个必要客房：起居室，厨房和厕所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，剧院，体育馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等。他们都有着不同的职能，这反过来又需要不同的设计类型。
房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的内容，但今天人们需要更多的住房内容。一个家庭在进入一个新的社区后将知道，现有住房不仅要符合其安全，健康和舒适等标准。还要考虑其附近是否有相应的配套设施，如食品市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，以及社区中心等。
在60年代中期住房最重要的价值是足够大的空间和方便的出入交通。大多数家庭会首选约半英亩面积土地的家庭住宅，这样将提供足够的空间的用以业余活动。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭的首选是那种尽可能远离市中心商业圈的住房，即使距离上班地点不得不有一段距离。相当多的家庭首选是郊区的住房，因为他们的主要目的是要远离噪音，拥挤和混乱。拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素，因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型，房间的大小和卧室的数目。
在工程项目开始之前，要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。
在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。在一个住宅建筑设计中，布局可考虑以下三个方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服务”。必须注意这些空间区域之间的连通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐厅，起居室和厨房，但其他房间可能会增加，如书房，并有可能成为一个大厅。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一个餐厅，也或可能有厨房、凹室等。 “夜间”房间包括卧室、客房。“服务”用房间包括厨房，浴室，储藏室 ，和厕所等。厨房和储藏室需设置在一起，以方便其房间功能的使用。
此外，还必须考虑各种客房的朝向问题，当然最好尽可能的将那些经常使用的房间朝南设置。然而，在考虑到周围的环境和地点、道路等多方面因素，往往很难达到最佳要求。在解决这些复杂的问题，还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施，人口密度，建筑物高度，绿化面积，建筑红线等的要求，还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况，等等。
尽管工业建筑需要符合当地城市规划条例但很少有标准化的工业楼宇。现代厂房建筑的趋势是轻质、通风。一般的钢筋混凝土结构或钢结构的工厂，可以得到一个“跌”型脊屋顶，把窗户开向北以便使分布均匀的自然采光不会直射进来造成刺眼。
『陆』 跪求一份土木工程毕业设计外文翻译，最好中英文全有，翻译成中文后大概3000字，
已发至邮箱。
『柒』 毕业设计 土木工程专业外文翻译
可以试试 群里有人做
『捌』 求一篇毕业外文翻译，关于土木工程专业的，2000字左右
给你篇沥青方面的吧，不知道能否适合
Segregation of Asphalt Pavement
[Abstract] This paper describes the Weiwu highway construction, the analysis of asphalt pavement segregation. From raw materials to finished procts into the plant's appearance transport asphalt and paving mixture ring the various factors that affect quality, and to all aspects of the various segregation of solutions put forward
[Key words] segregation segregation Segregation of control
1. Project Overview
Shandong Wei (Shanghai) to Ukraine (sea) highway segment second contract start and end mileage K11 +300 ~ K22 +700, full 11.4KM, according to two-way four-lane design.
Mainline pavement structure:
Upper layer: the top layer of asphalt Horseshoe fat (SMA-13A) 4CM
In the surface layer: surface layer of asphalt concrete (AC-20B) 6CM
The following layers: Asphalt Concrete (AC-25B) 8CM
2. Segregation
Asphalt road surface segregation is a major area of asphalt mixture uneven nature, such as asphalt content, aggregate composition, additive content and the porosity and other surface.
3. Segregation of the hazard
Segregation of the event, they changed the original design of the pavement with, the quality of asphalt pavement segregation great harm. In particular in:
○ 1 rolling process, easily crushed coarse aggregate
○ 2 aggregate surface area increases, resulting in rolling after molding loose, damaged road pavement structural strength of influence
○ 3 concentration of coarse aggregate to pavement deterioration of local density, high porosity, easily formed in the surface water, causing water damage to the road early
○ 4 disease have a lot of asphalt mixture segregation and closely related, such as: loose, net crack, holes, local severe Track Channel, local weeping, newly paved asphalt pavement structure of the depth of inequality.
○ 5 Segregation of Asphalt Pavement Compaction will proce differences in degree of compaction, smoothness impact damaged the car's comfort
4. Segregation of species
Segregation will affect the road surface appearance, asphalt mixture segregation can be broadly classified into two types: level and temperature segregation with segregation. Gradation segregation occurs, asphalt road coarse material concentrated in some regions, while others focus on regional fine materials, making become uneven mixture gradation and asphalt content and design are inconsistent, leading to poor road showing the structure and texture characteristics . Concentration of fine material in some regions, the porosity is small, there may be weeping, rutting; other coarse material concentrated in some regions, high porosity, surface water may cause damage. Temperature segregation is the mixture in the storage, transportation and spreading in the weather, construction machinery impact, because the temperature difference between heat loss and the situation there. Mixture temperature of segregation, will lead to uneven road surface compaction, low temperature region, the road porosity greater texture depth of greater road in these areas prone to early damage. Temperature of the consequences of segregation and isolation graded as severe, can lead to premature failure of asphalt pavement, greatly shorten the life of asphalt pavement. Research shows that serious segregation of the road life may be reced by 50% or more. Present some early Asphalt Pavement damage, such as loose, net crack, holes, local severe Track Channel, local weeping, newly paved asphalt pavement structure of the depth of inequality, with the asphalt mixture segregation are closely related.
5. Segregation generation
Asphalt Mixture Segregation affect the characteristics of the pavement, and segregation issue has been throughout the construction process, it is the construction unit has long been one of the urgent solution of the problem.
5.1 Segregation of raw materials
In the raw materials transported from the quarry to the mixing station piling up, because a high degree of reason, a large aggregate rolled off the bottom of the heap in the material to form a coarse aggregate material the first focus, which will Segregation material mixing machine feeding in the cold difficult to control when different silos of the material ratio;
5.2 Segregation of mixing station mixing machine
When using the scraper conveyor to unload mixture into the finished proct hopper, the hopper must be located in the central discharge hopper, or the body in a barrel of vertical segregation, that crude is expected to roll it toward the side of hopper.
When using the scraper conveyor to unload into the ingredient mixture into the bucket and then finished unloading hopper, the ingredients should be kept as part of each discharge mixture, so that all the material emptied, the scraper conveyor of the mixture directly into the hopper caused segregation within
Proct discharge from the hopper, the discharge should be quickly opened the door, do not allow mixture to flow slowly, so as to avoid segregation
5.3 Material Segregation
Asphalt mp truck from the finished proct warehouse discharge to the transport process, the same as drop-off, large aggregate will be rolling in the car on both sides to form a coarse aggregate of the second concentration;
5.4 Discharge segregation
Transportation mp truck unloading in the mixture to the paver, the large aggregate in paver and a half car rolled near the formation of coarse aggregate the third concentration;
5.5 Segregation Feed
Paver feeders in the feed process, the first intermediate aggregate device to send the cloth, the remaining coarse aggregate retained in the hopper, the paver hopper collection, the formation of coarse aggregate of the fourth concentration; construction process The temperature segregation.
5.6 The joint segregation
Joint segregation in the upper layer construction is more common, especially in the section of pavement widening, the small number of paver or mixing plant capacity is low, thanks to two Paver, Road, the central vertical heat joints are often the weakest link. Seams paving mixture too much or too little will proce Segregation in the seams, will form a bridge over the effects of compaction on both sides of affected joints, seams less inadequate compaction. If the two are inconsistent paver paving thickness, the small thickness of the side seams are not easily compacted. Behind the paver two different rolling temperatures also cause excessive joint segregation. In addition, isolation joints are often the end of segregation in conjunction with trucks or other forms of segregation in the formation of combination effects. As the vertical seams in the lane, the number of multi-wheel loads, which often proces greater harm.
6. Segregation of control
6.1 Control of materials piling up approach
Layered aggregates (especially coarse aggregate) can rece the random segregation problem. Loader stacking up piles of material, the material on the particle size should be large changes in the slope layer by piling, slope less than 1:3. In the yard space to allow the case to minimize the height of the heap material. If the coarse aggregate in the stockpile segregation occurred in the bottom, front-end loader will be used to re-mixing material, the hopper can be sent to the cold. Unloading and loading to enhance stockpile management, the key is to rece the random segregation.
6.2 Temperature Control Mixing Station
Temperature to determine the factory by the paving temperature. Mixture temperature losses influenced by the weather, according to the distance of the mixture of time and storage, construction of the asphalt test section of the process to determine the temperature loss, to determine the temperature of asphalt factory. Aggregate level of the heating temperature is mainly affected by fluctuations in raw material moisture content, and thus affect the quality of asphalt and asphalt mixing plant proctivity. Fine aggregate rain shelter structures can effectively control the water content and rece the volatility of aggregate temperature, and can save heating oil and rece costs.
6.3 Loading and Unloading vehicles
Prevent the formation of vehicle loading and segregation, in the loading process, should be at least three times a load, the first near the front of the car, the second near the rear, the third time in the middle of the car by this method can basically eliminate the formation of the segregation load. If mixed with a material for each load, the top of the car by sliding movement of the vehicles can even load, it loads the effect of the score three times even better. In addition, when a car when the mixture into the paver, the first time from the top to fill the hopper once and should be so that the mixture as a whole into the paver hopper, so to avoid car unloading caused by segregation.
6.4 paver paving operation
Paver paving process to maintain stable and continuous spiral fabric uniform rotation device, spreader feeders on both sides to maintain a high degree of not less than 2 / 3 of mixture to prevent the formation of the outer spiral fabric mixture accumulation device segregation. After each discharge as mp truck paver hopper scraper conveyor on both sides there will always be less than scraping the mixture, which is often coarse material after segregation. If every time close to the paver hopper mixture paving, road laws of segregation phenomena occur. Resolve this problem, close the hopper should be minimized, artificial accumulation not affect the leveling hopper mp truck mping mainly to minimize the mixture segregation, and the paver in a car expected to be finished, close the feeder, so get off after the material uniformly into the feed and cloth. Unloading the car when the paver, uninstall the fast speed as far as possible, as far as possible to ensure continuous paver operation, do not stop. Adjust the speed of paver paving and mixing station to the feed rate is the same.
6.5 Joint Treatment
In Weiwu highway paving, in the normal section, using two ABG-423-type paver simultaneously, paver to ensure two before six cars waiting for unloading transport material, and between pavers spacing not greater than 20 meters.
The paving of the widened section to the Highway Bureau of Dongying City, the introction of a Suge Le paver, three forward together in a section of paving. To avoid cold joints, to avoid temperature segregation.
6.6 Rolling
Compaction is to ensure that an important part of the quality of road construction. To ensure compactness and flatness, rolling should follow the "high-frequency, low amplitude, followed, less water, slow pressure" principle, from low to high, full-rolling. Roller should be rolled slow even pace, according to initial pressure roller rolling speed, complex pressure, final pressure and the corresponding roller type.