『壹』 土木工程英语作文
Civil engineering is the oldest branch of the profession of
engineering after military engineering. Many of the important things in
our lives that we take for granted are the proct of civil engineering.
The
construction of the dams and power stations that provide the
electricity we use every day requires civil engineers.The water and
sewage treatment plants that provide us with safe water supplies require
the expertise of civil engineers.The paths and roads we travel are
civil engineering projects.
In fact most structures, large and small,
require the help of a civil engineer whether in the designing, planning
or managing of the project.
Civil engineers also help to preserve
our environment by assisting in the cleaning up of existing pollution
and planning ways to rece future pollution of our air, land and water
Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life !
翻译：
土木工程是军事工程学演变而来的工程专业的一个最古老分支.许多我们生活中被认为是理所当然的重要事物都是土木工程的产物.
为我们日常生活供应电力的水坝和发电站,它们的建设就需要土木工程师.为我们提供安全用水的生活用水和污水处理厂也需要土木工程师的专业知识.我们出行交通所必需的道路,正是土木工程的实例.
事实上,许多建筑物,不论大小,在工程的设计、规划和管理阶段都需要土木工程师的协助.
土木工程师也通过清理现存的污染和规划一些方法来减少未来空气、土壤和水中的污染,从而帮助保护我们的环境.
土木工程为我们创造高品质的人生!
『贰』 求一篇土木工程英文文献翻译，毕业设计用的
刚好我也在做毕业设计 把我的给你用吧
Traditional Construction Proceres
As mentioned before, construction under the traditional construction procere is performed by contractors. While they would like to satisfy the owner and the building designers, contractors have the main objective of making a profit. Hence, their initial task is to prepare a bid price based on an accurate estimate of construction costs. This requires development of a concept for performance of the work and a construction time schele. After a contract has been awarded, contractors must furnish and pay for all materials, equipment, power, labor, and supervision required for construction. The owner compensates the contractors for construction costs and services.
A general contractor assumes overall responsibility for construction of a building. The contractor engages subcontractors who take responsibility for the work of the various trades required for construction. For example, a plumbing contractor installs the plumbing, an electrical contractor installs the electrical system, and an elevator contractor installs elevators. Their contracts are with the general contractor, and they are paid by the general contractor.
Sometimes, in addition to a general contractor, the owner contracts separately with specialty contractors, such as electrical and mechanical contractors, who perform a substantial amount of the work require for a building. Such contractors are called prime contractors. Their work is scheled and coordinated by the general contractor, but they are paid directly by the owner.
Sometimes also, the owner may use the design-build method and award a contract to an organization for both the design and construction of a building. Such organizations are called design-build contractors. One variation of this type of contract is employed by developers of groups of one-family homes or low-rise apartment buildings. The homebuilder designs and constructs the dwellings, but the design is substantially completed before owners purchase the homes.
Administration of the construction procere often is difficult. Consequently, some owners seek assistance from an expert, called a professional construction manager, with extensive construction experience, who receives a fee. The construction manager negotiates with general contractors and helps select one to construct the building. Managers usually also supervise selection of subcontractors. During construction, they help control costs, expedite equipment and material deliveries, and keep the work on schele. In some cases, instead, the owner may prefer o engage a construction program manager, to assist in administrating both design and construction.
Construction contractors employ labor that may or may not be unionized. Unionized craftspeople are members of unions that are organized by construction trades, such as carpenter, plumber, and electrician unions, Union members will perform only the work assigned to their trade.
During construction, all work should be inspected. For this purpose, the owner, often through the architect and consultants, engages inspectors. The field inspectors may be placed under the control of an owner’s representative, who may be titled clerk of the works, architect’s superintendent, engineer’s superintendent, or resident engineer. The inspectors have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets the requirements of the contract documents and is performed under safe conditions. Such inspections may be made at frequent intervals.
In addition, inspections also are made by representatives of one or more governmental agencies. They have the responsibility of ensuring that construction meets legal requirements and have little or no concern with detailed conformance with the contract documents. Such legal inspections are made periodically or at the end of certain stages of construction. One agency that will make frequent inspections is the local or state building department, whichever has jurisdiction. The purpose of these inspections is to ensure conformance with the local or state building code.
Following is a description of the basic traditional construction procere for a multistory building.
After the award of a construction contract to a general contractor, the owner may ask the contractor to start a portion of the work before signing of the contract by giving the contractor a letter of intent or after signing of the contract by issuing a written notice to proceed. The contractor then obtains construction permits, as required, form governmental agencies, such as the local building, water, sewer, and highway departments.
The general contractor plans and scheles construction operations in detail and mobilizes equipment and personnel for the project. Subcontractors are notified of the contract award and issued letters of intent or awarded subcontracts, then are given, at appropriate times, notices to proceed.
Before construction starts, the general contractor orders a survey to be made of adjacent structures and terrain, both for the record and to become knowledgeable of local conditions. A survey is then made to lay out construction.
Field offices for the contractor are erected on or near the site. If desirable for safety reasons to protect passersby, the required to be removed from the site are demolished and the debris is carted away.
Next, the site is prepared to receive the building. This work may involve grading the top surface to bring it to the proper elevations, excavating to required depths for basement and foundations, and shifting of utility piping. For deep excavations, earth sides are braced and the bottom is drained.
Major construction starts with the placement of foundations, on which the building rests. This is followed by the erection of load-bearing walls and structural framing. Depending on the height of the building, ladders, stairs, or elevators may be installed to enable construction personnel to travel from floor to floor eventually to the roof. Also, hoists may be installed to lift materials to upper levels. If needed, temporary flooring may be placed for use of personnel.
As the building rises, pipes, cts, and electric conit and wiring are installed. Then, permanent floors, exterior walls, and windows are constructed. At the appropriate time, permanent elevators are installed. If required, fireproofing is placed for steel framing. Next, fixed partitions are built and the roof and its covering are put is place,
Finishing operations follow. There include installation of the following: ceilings; tile; wallboard; wall paneling; plumbing fixtures; heating furnaces; air-conditioning equipment; heating and cooling devices for rooms; escalators; floor coverings; window glass; movable partitions; doors; finishing hardware; electrical equipment and apparatus, including lighting fixtures, switches, transformers, and controls; and other items called for in the drawings and specifications. Field offices, fences, bridges, and other temporary construction must be removed from the site. Utilities, such as gas, electricity, and water, are hooked up to the building. The sit is landscaped and paved. Finally, the building interior is painted and cleaned.
The owner’s representatives then give the building a final inspection. If they find that the structure conforms with the contract documents, the owner accepts the project and gives the general contractor final payment on issuance by the building department of a certificate of occupancy, which indicates that the completed building meets building-code requirements.
传统的施工程序
众所周知，在传统的施工程序中进行施工的承包商。尽管他们想满足业主和建筑设计师的要求，但是最终还是以赚取利润为主要目标的。因此，他们最初的任务是对编写投标价格的建筑成本进行准确的估计。这就需要进行前期调查的工作并且做出施工时间表。等合约批出后，施工方必须提供所有材料并支付其费用，设备，电力，劳动力。业主此时需要进行必要的监督。
一个总承包商承担一个建筑整体的责任。从事分包的承建商则需承担建造工程所需的各个工作。例如，管道承包商安装水管，电业承办商安装电气系统，电梯则由电梯承包商安装。他们与总承包商签订合同，费用由总承包商支付。
有时候，除了一个总承包商，还有各种专业承包商，如电气和机械承包商，执行工作时需要与业主签订合同。这种承包商被称为间接承包商。他们的工作，由总承包商协调，但它们都是由业主直接联系。
还有些时候，业主可以使用设计建造方法同时兼有设计和建筑施工单位的职能。这些单位被称为设计建造承包商。这方面的一个类型的合同聘用的变化是由一户住宅或低层住宅建筑群的开发。在房屋建筑设计和建造的住房，但设计之前需要由购买房屋的业主完成。
施工过程管理往往是困难的。因此，一些业主会去寻求专家的协助，这些专家被称为专业施工经理，他们具有丰富的施工经验。施工经理与总承包商进行谈判，并选择其中一个项目。施工经理通常还监督分包商。在施工期间，它们有助于控制成本，加快运送设备和材料，并保持工作的进度。在依法行政，协助设计和建设的情况下，业主可以选择从事建筑项目经理。
建筑承包商雇用的劳动力，一般有大工和小工。大工再建筑工程中从事技术活，如木工，管道工，工会成员和电工工会，小工则执行了分配给他们的工作。
在施工期间，一切工作都要验收。因此，业主通过建筑师和监理经常进行督查。可能是名为工程员，建筑师或驻地工程师。作为业主的代表实地视察。核查人员必须确保工程符合合同文件的要求，并在安全的条件下进行的责任。这种检查可作出重复。
此外，验收还是需要一个或多个政府机构的代表。他们必须确保工程符合法律要求，并负责检查与合同文件是否一致。这种视察一般定期或在某些阶段施工结束以后进行。地方或国家建设部门具有管辖权。这些检查的目的是确保符合当地或国家的建筑规范。
以下是传统多层建筑施工的基本程序。
建造开始后合同授予开发商，业主可要求开发商开始施工之前签约给或之后签约发出书面通知的同时另一部分工作继续进行。紧接着施工方根据需要获取建筑许可证，例如当地的建设，供水，污水处理，政府机构和公路部门。
总承包商的计划和进度详细施工作业以及动员项目设备和人员。分包商得到通知后，做出签订合同的意向或授予分包合同书，然后给出在适当的时候进行通知。
在施工前启动，总承包商要进行的一项调查就是邻近结构和地形，这些都要记录在案，并要熟悉当地情况。这项调查结束以后，随即进行布局建设。
承建商的现场办事处都建在施工现场或附近。为了安全起见，必须从脚手架上移除的东西，产生的碎片都要运走。
下一步，该网架是为建设工程准备的。这项工作为地下室开挖和基础开挖的深度，以及公用事业管道转移找到正确的标高。深挖掘，土方支撑，底部排出。
建筑开始于基础上，然后是承重墙和结构框架的施工。梯子，楼梯，或电梯的安装，可让施工人员往返于各个楼层。此外，可安装卷扬机来运送材料。
由于建筑高度的上升，管道，电力管道和线路安装以及永久地板，外墙，窗户和构造的影响。在适当的时候，永久的电梯安装。再需要的情况下可以安装防火卷帘。其次，屋顶等地方也需要安装。
精加工工序安装有包括以下内容：天花板，瓷砖，墙板，墙壁镶板，水管装置，加热炉，空气调节设备，加热和冷却室装置;自动扶梯;地板，窗户玻璃;活动板，门;电气设备和仪器，包括照明灯具，开关，变压器，控制器，遵照项目的图纸和规格。外地办事处，围栏，桥梁和其他临时建筑，公共设备，如天然气，电力管道，水管，都连接到建筑上。最后，是建筑物内部的打扫和清洗。
业主的代表，会给建设工程作最后检查。如果他们满意并认为符合合同文件，那么业主接受该项目，并交给总承包商的一个占用证书，这表明，总承包商已完成建设，建设部门再根据建筑规范的要求发放最后付款。
『叁』 求1000字左右的土木工程英语文章 带翻译的
大家都是搞工程的,有的是工程师,有的是未来的工程师.
你知道用英文怎样告诉他人,工程师和土木工程师是干什么的吗?
SO,here:
Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between perceived social needs and commercial applications.
Engineersconsider many factors when developing a new proct. For example, in developing an instrial robot, engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design and test the robot抯 components; integrate the components to proce the final design; and evaluate the design抯 overall effectiveness, cost, reliability, and safety. This process applies to the development of many different procts, such as chemicals, computers, gas turbines, helicopters, and toys.
In addition to design and development, many engineers work in testing, proction, or maintenance. These engineers supervise proction in factories, determine the causes of component failure, and test manufactured procts to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost to complete projects. Some move into engineering management or into sales. In sales, an engineering background enables them to discuss technical aspects and assist in proct planning, installation, and use. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects.
Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and water supply and sewage systems. They must consider many factors in the design process, from the construction costs and expected lifetime of a project to government regulations and potential environmental hazards such as earthquakes. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, encompasses many specialties. The major specialties are structural, water resources, construction, environmental, transportation, and geotechnical engineering. Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions, from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. Others may work in design, construction, research, and teaching
『肆』 关于土木工程的英语作文，100字左右即可
Civil engineering is the oldest branch of the profession of engineering after military engineering. Many of the important things in our lives that we take for granted are the proct of civil engineering.
The construction of the dams and power stations that provide the electricity we use every day requires civil engineers.The water and sewage treatment plants that provide us with safe water supplies require the expertise of civil engineers.The paths and roads we travel are civil engineering projects.
In fact most structures, large and small, require the help of a civil engineer whether in the designing, planning or managing of the project.
Civil engineers also help to preserve our environment by assisting in the cleaning up of existing pollution and planning ways to rece future pollution of our air, land and water
Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life !
翻译：
土木工程是军事工程学演变而来的工程专业的一个最古老分支。许多我们生活中被认为是理所当然的重要事物都是土木工程的产物。
为我们日常生活供应电力的水坝和发电站，它们的建设就需要土木工程师。为我们提供安全用水的生活用水和污水处理厂也需要土木工程师的专业知识。我们出行交通所必需的道路，正是土木工程的实例。
事实上，许多建筑物，不论大小，在工程的设计、规划和管理阶段都需要土木工程师的协助。
土木工程师也通过清理现存的污染和规划一些方法来减少未来空气、土壤和水中的污染，从而帮助保护我们的环境。
土木工程为我们创造高品质的人生！
『伍』 求篇招聘土木工程师的英语作文，200字左右
O my love is like a red red rose, That's newly sprung in June. O my love is like a melodie That's sweetly play'd in tune. As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in love am I And I will love thee still, my dear, Till a' the seas gang dry. Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear, Till a' the seas gang dry, And I will love thee still my dear, Till a' the seas run dry. Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi' the sun, And I will love thee still, my dear, While the sands o' life shall run. And fare thee weel, my only love, And fare thee weel awhile! And I will come again, my love Tho' 'twere
『陆』 求一篇土木工程专业英语文章，并有翻译，3000单词，网址也附带填上，老师要求的作业，好心人帮帮忙~
From the start, the Arup engineers decided that the structural form would need to mirror the architectural form, but the geometric complexity of the building—including its sloped ceilings and walls—left room for few truly vertical walls or columns, the exception being the elevator core. Moreover, a tightly controlled environmental system to protect the works of art was required, and that system would have special ctwork for various zones that would run from centralized mechanical rooms to the galleries. Like the structural system, the
ctwork could not follow typical vertical and horizontal paths.
一开始，阿拉普的工程师们决定结构形式应该反映出建筑形式，但是这个建筑的几何复杂性（包括它的斜屋顶和墙体）使得除了电梯间外它几乎没有为真正意义上垂直的墙体或柱子留出空间。此外，它需要一个用于保护艺术品的被严格控制的环境系统。而且，那个系统应该是一个具有从高度机械化的房间到图表的不同分区的特殊管道系统。就像这个结构体系一样，它是不能套用典型的横平竖直的模式的。
As a result, lateral loads are imposed on the structure that would exceed those potentially seen in regions that experience high levels of seismic activity, even though Denver is not located in a zone of high seismic activity. By reinforcing the composite concrete floor slab with structural steel plates, Arup optimized the structural system to meet the building’s complex requirements. The engineers approached the design as one might approach the design of a ship, the idea being to pull together the exterior walls so they would be stable and not fall outward.
结果，这个结构被加上水平荷载。而它的强度将会超过那些大概只有在曾发生过高强度地震的地区才能见到的建筑。为了满足建筑复杂的要求，阿拉普通过使用钢板加强组合楼板优化了结构体系。工程师们采用与轮船设计类似的方法把外墙连接在一起，这样它们就会很坚固而不至于掉出来。
The engineers designed a “typical” floor framing system to provide tension ties to the exterior walls and to transfer shear forces from the wind-resisting system. All lateral loads are resisted by latticelike steel bracing on the exterior walls; some additional bracing runs through the interior. But in a typical structure, floor systems do not need to support lateral loads generated by the inclination of the exterior walls in addition to gravity loads. Here the angled walls would tend to deflect ring construction and so would have to be shored. The shorings would be removed after construction, and the structure would then have to deflect into its correct form. Some 50 shorings were set in place for this purpose. The challenge was to determine which geometry to use so that when the gravity loads were imposed on the structure it would deflect to the desired architectural geometry. It took a great deal of structural analysis work on our part so that we would be able to tell the contractor to build the right cambers so they would all go to the zero baseline elevation. Otherwise the building would have been one characterized by warping and bending.
工程师们设计了一个经典的楼板骨架体系。这个体系为外墙提供了拉力并且通过挡风系统把它转化为剪力。所有的水平荷载由支撑外墙的钢格来承载。一些附加的支撑穿过了内部结构。但是在典型的结构中，楼板系统不需要承受由外墙倾斜和自重引起的水平荷载。由于这里的带有角度的墙具有倾斜的趋势所以应该给它们加上支撑。这些支撑在完工后要被拆除，之后这些墙都应该达到它们的正确倾斜形式。为了达到这个目的人们设置了50个支撑。关键在于用哪种几何形式才能使得结构在自重的作用下它能够达到设计的建筑几何形式。在我们做大量的结构分析工作之后我们才能让承包商去建造正确的拱。这样他们全都会去做零高程基准工作了。否则，它可能已经成为了一座以翘曲和弯曲为特征的建筑了。
『柒』 英语工程作文
Civil engineering is the oldest branch of the profession of engineering after military engineering. Many of the important things in our lives that we take for granted are the proct of civil engineering.
The construction of the dams and power stations that provide the electricity we use every day requires civil engineers.The water and sewage treatment plants that provide us with safe water supplies require the expertise of civil engineers.The paths and roads we travel are civil engineering projects.
In fact most structures, large and small, require the help of a civil engineer whether in the designing, planning or managing of the project.
Civil engineers also help to preserve our environment by assisting in the cleaning up of existing pollution and planning ways to rece future pollution of our air, land and water
Civil Engineering gives us Quality of Life !
翻译：
土木工程是军事工程学演变而来的工程专业的一个最古老分支.许多我们生活中被认为是理所当然的重要事物都是土木工程的产物.
为我们日常生活供应电力的水坝和发电站,它们的建设就需要土木工程师.为我们提供安全用水的生活用水和污水处理厂也需要土木工程师的专业知识.我们出行交通所必需的道路,正是土木工程的实例.
事实上,许多建筑物,不论大小,在工程的设计、规划和管理阶段都需要土木工程师的协助.
土木工程师也通过清理现存的污染和规划一些方法来减少未来空气、土壤和水中的污染,从而帮助保护我们的环境.
土木工程为我们创造高品质的人生!
『捌』 用英语谈谈你对土木工程的认识和理想100词
Civil engineering is that branch ofengineering which aims to provide a comfortable and save living for the people.As is known to us all, It has a long history, but it is also full of vigorous.
Civil engineering is theengineering that deals with the design and construction of structures that areintended to be stationary, such as buildings and houses, tunnels, bridges,canals, highways, airports, port facilities, and road beds for railroads. Civilengineering offers a particular challenge because almost every structure orsystem that is designed and built by civil engineers is unique. One structurerarely plicates another exactly. Even when structures seem to be identical,site requirement or other factors generally result in modification. Largestructures like dams, bridges, or tunnels may differ substantially fromprevious structures.
『玖』 求一篇土木工程专业英语的英语文章和汉语翻译，必重谢
你也太小气了吧，这么难的问题，还要1500以上，你只给10分悬赏，唉，我绝对无能为力...