Ⅰ 土木工程专业英语翻译
结构分析是确定构件中因指定负载所产生的应力和变形，以便合理地设计构件，同时检查现有构件安全性的过程。
在结构设计中，必须以一种随后可进行分析的配置理念为起点。如此，结构组件可进行定尺寸和所确定的加强处理，以便：承载设计负载，而不产生过多的变形（可维护性或工作状态），同时防止在结构上施加指定过负载之前就发生倒塌（安全或最终条件）。
Ⅱ 土木工程专业英语翻译
养护混凝土
当一批混凝土第一次被混合，它们形成流体态，可以很容易地被倒进准备好的模具里。经过大约一小时时间形成一个刚性质量体，重约150磅/立方英尺。得到的水泥砂浆是水合物，即单个粒子的水泥吸收周围的水分子进入他们的分子结构。当它们发生这样的变化时，经过数分钟，水泥结晶成一种刚性凝胶，类似于胶质，,随着时间的流逝逐渐变为固体，形成结构紧密的晶体。水化的时间越长，混凝土的强度越大。这是标准(养护)工程的通常做法，因此，在经过28天养护期的基础上计算混凝土的设计强度，尽管我们已经知道特定环境下的混凝土强度在四分之一个世纪或更长的时间内会继续增长。
混凝土形成水合物和增加强度的时期是养护期。除非混凝土含有一定的水分，否则混凝土不能形成水合物或养护,。因此，在整个养护期，混凝土所有表面的必须保持湿润。只要混凝土保持湿润,养护将继续进行，混凝土强度将不断增大，密度增大，渗水性下降。
一旦混凝土完全脱水，水合作用即停止。通常是由于养护时间不足对混凝土表面造成负面影响。例如，一块经过28天湿润养护的混凝土的强度将两倍于同样的一块只被养护3天的混凝土。
室外气温是保证合适的养护的一个非常重要的因素。如果气温太高，比如超过90°F，混凝土就会在水分完全蒸发前完成水化。过高的内部温度也会影响正常的水合作用。被混合并放置在很热的气候环境下的混凝土，其强度远不如被放置于低于70°F的气温中的那些，这主要是因为（在过高的温度条件下）很难保持混凝土的湿润。此外，那些在炎热天气里迅速成型的混凝土之后更容易产生裂缝，因为它在养护期间过度收缩，而不能承受由气温变化大而引起的拉力。
它也不能被放置在寒冷气温里，除非已经事先采用特殊措施使得混凝土温度被保持在高于50°F,且（成型后）至少被放置4天。如果混凝土养护温度低于50°F，它将永远不会达到合适的硬度。如果混凝土在养成结束前被冷冻，它将被永久破坏。
自己翻译的、
Ⅲ 土木工程专业英语翻译
一些假设必须为可能作出分析：用于构建结构材料的真实属性，必须以促进理想化的数学表示，和假设必须简化分析本身
联系也用于提供体制内的某些结构特征：一针插入连接可能跨度内，迫使我余烬在该点内部的弯矩为零，或连接可能会在某个点使用的结构不能从一个传输连接器的一侧剪力对方（1剪切连接器）
虽然有可用于支持结构的演变众多设计的，是支持较常见的类型可以被理想化为制订一个或一下列组合：一个滚轴，铰链，螺旋弹簧的数学模型的目的，螺旋弹簧和一个固定的支持
机译的，自己看吧
Ⅳ 翻译土木工程专业英语，谢了
18.One现代方法处理垃圾和生活垃圾的回收利用，这只是意味着使用废料的一次。在废物处理厂，例如，可以用作肥料。它也可以用作燃料。事实上，一些处理厂填补自己的能源需要通过燃烧废物产品，为企业提供蒸气发电。同样，有些种类的垃圾收集可以单独玻璃，报纸，铝罐，例如。所有这些材料可以再利用处理。在某些情况下，垃圾桶也被压缩，作为燃料。
19.It如下的加筋土结构呈现出强大的异质性，导致经常棘手的，或者至少计算，费时的困难，当试图例如模拟行为的数值模拟这种结构方式的有限元程序和相关网格离散。替代办法，因此应建议。在谈到更具体地均质化的方法，多次尝试已取得的宏观性能的复合土从其各个组成部分。但迄今为止，尽管出现了一些宝贵的成就领域的岩土工程设计，大多数这些方法不能把以适当方式任何延误现象之间的土壤和加固，虽然这可能发挥关键作用的分析。
20.When土壤样本压缩干燥一侧的最佳水含量，摩擦粒子之间的界限密度的样本，才能最终得以实现。由于水是补充土壤提供润滑之间的粒子和高密度可以达到。随着越来越多的水是补充土壤变得更加困难空气中的空隙逃脱，空气密封英寸增加水的空白空间不增加包装的粒子导致减少密度土壤，因为水和“被困”空气已经取代了土壤颗粒在某一特定数量的土壤。这是真正的所有土壤类型除“干净” （没有罚款）免费引流砂和砾石。该水渠如此迅速地从这些土壤类型，它们通常不会有最佳的水分含量。一种有效的方法密实这些类型的土壤是水坑或防洪他们。
Ⅳ 土木工程专业英语翻译
This course mainly introces a variety of domains of civil engineering , with a specific focus on the characteristics and laws of civil engineering, as well as the civil engineering demands on the practitioners. Through this course, students should understand the characteristics of civil engineering and learn the basics of relevant knowledge
Ⅵ 土木工程专业英语翻译 段兵延
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Ⅶ 土木工程专业英语全文翻译
Introction to Civil Engineering Papers
Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
Ⅷ 土木工程专业英语翻译
1.城市运输系统是城市地区社会经济系统的一个组成部分。
A city transportation system is an integral part of a city’s socioeconomic system.
2.从20世纪20年代以来，公共交通使用显著减少，而私人汽车使用急剧增加。
Since the 1920s, the use of the public transportation system has been decreased drastically while the use of the private vehicles has been increased sharply.
3.结构设计包括确定结构的最佳比例和给定其组成要素及细节的尺寸。
An architectural design includes determining the optimum ratio and finalizing on the measurements of any of its given comprising elements and the details.
4.在斜拉设计中，需要考虑桥梁与周围环境相协调。
A cable-stayed bridge design should take into consideration the harmonious relationship between the bridge and its ambient environment.
5.水文分析和水文设计是解决地面排水问题的两个基本步骤。
Hydrological analyses and designs are the two basic steps in solving the drainage problem on a road surface.
Ⅸ 土木工程专业英语 一篇翻译
对不起 我不善于这个专业的翻译 这两天忙也没时间翻译
Ⅹ 土木工程专业英语翻译!
如表1所示，在先期固结压力的软粘土得到巩固试验是78和120的深度为4.9和一十一点○米分别。相应的过度巩固比率（光学字符识别）是1.6深度为4.9米和1.1在深度11.0米这些光学字符识别价值的建议略有overconsolidated条件较浅和密切的一个综合条件，通常附近地层底部。许多研究人员建议，所有的老粘土沉积，一般认为正常的巩固，已经略有overconsolidated由于老化和长期蠕变过程缓慢数千年历史的地层，从而降低孔隙比下不断覆盖压力。这通常是超条件并不明显，因为影响的样品干扰。结果列于表1提供了一个基础，选择设计参数用于解决和巩固分析设计的燃料箱的基础。
3设计考虑
调查结果表明，土壤底层油箱网站Attawapiskat薄弱和可压缩。在文献中，有大量的案例研究中，燃料箱成功构建了对软，可压缩的基础，只要改善了地基土充分。地基土往往是通过改善安装预制垂直排水管，以增加稳定性，并减少解决。案例研究还表明，断裂的坦克，可能会出现由于基础不稳定和/或严重扭曲的坦克由于不均匀沉降。失败的油箱可能会导致潜在的环境破坏，由于燃料泄漏和经济损失，由于坦克的损害和影响的项目时间表和行动。基金会的稳定和巩固解决的主要设计考虑。时间限制也是一个重要因素的设计考虑。为维克多项目，总的施工进度要求，油箱农场应建设和准备的燃料供应的6个月内。