1. 土木工程专业英语全文翻译
Introction to Civil Engineering Papers
Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.
People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.
The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.
The application of a large number of steel procts is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.
From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical instry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ctility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then proce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the graal emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.
From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.
In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.
During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel proction, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering.
A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system.
Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness.
In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and proction. Later, in order to adapt to the war, proction and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings.
Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on.
After the instrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of instrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. . For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part.
Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, graally formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience in civil engineering from the graally developed into a science.
In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience.
Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .
2. 《土木工程专业英语》翻译
专业英语的教与学 unit2 ??text??civil engineers ??reading material ?(1)??being a civil engineer ?(2)??need of civil engineers for
3. 各位大侠帮忙翻译下土木工程专业英语翻译~
在土壤中的粒子尺寸范围很广：从200毫米左右下降到少部分粘土比0.001毫米. 虽然自然土壤是各种大小的颗粒混合物，它经常会发现优势在一个规模相对狭窄的频段发生。当这种规模的频带宽度很窄的泥土被称为不良的分级，如果是广泛的土壤被认为是良好的分级，在工程的属性: 体积应变，
霜冻的敏感性，应对压力，直接或间接粒度特征有关。
encoutered---- encountered
commom-------------common
4. 土木工程专业英语翻译!
不排水抗剪强度概况获得Nilcon叶片进行的试验在油箱农场中显示Fig.3.Nilcon叶片试验也进行了不同地点的邻近设施Attawapiskat 。所有Nilcon叶片数据进行编制，并以图，其中每个符号介绍了钻孔钻在不同地点的Attawapiskat包括飞机燃料储存库，驳船码头， laydown领域中显示Fig.2.As显示在图4的不排水抗剪强度的地壳层为30至150 ;和强度下降迅速，深入第一4米不排水抗剪强度的主要粉质粘土层（底层地壳层）随深度约20至30日4 〜 6米深约30到50在14至16米的深度。不同的敏感性4和8之间，这表明中期的敏感性。基于塑性指数一般10至20日， Bjerrum校正因子的外地叶片测试结果被认为是大约1.0 。
图的不排水抗剪强度概况获得Nilcon叶片进行的试验在油箱农场
图4也显示了非常低的不排水抗剪强度剖面测量的位置，钻孔的V - 03 - 395E钻孔通过三点一米厚填补丘在laydown区（见图2 ） 。强度的主要粉质粘土层在这个特别的位置范围从14日至20日，这是非常低的趋势，在其他测试地点Attawapiskat 。这种变化是在不排水强度的关注，在设计研究，并进一步调查叶片通过额外Nilcon测试，化验和调查的历史，填补了现有的投手。调查的结论表明，不排水抗剪强度异常可能是造成过度强调从填补材料，这是最初储存了约6米高。这一损失的实力证实了基础设计关注本网站。比例不排水抗剪强度（下限范围值） ，以现有的垂直有效应力，超过1.0的地壳层，不同大约从0.5到0.3的过渡区，布朗之间的地壳和灰色软，以坚定的存款（在深度4至7米） ，从0.3到0.2以下。常规oedometer （一维固结）试验进行了选定谢尔比管样品从钻孔的V - 03 - 392E和V - 03 - 393E.The解释巩固特色的摘要列于表1.Two价值的比例不排水抗剪强度的先期固结压力， （根据试验结果oedometer ，讨论以下） ，被认为是0.26和0.29 。
5. 土木工程专业英语的部分翻译,谁能帮我翻一下
长期代理的定义中的建设管理的结果在施工管理公司具有不同的法律关系与项目业主比传统的总承包商。
作为一个独立的承包商，总承包商没有权力采取行动的项目业主在处理与外部各方。
不同的独立承包商，代理人有服务的义务，作为业主，如果他或她是一个雇主的拥有人，代理人的法律权威，代表业主和进行商业交易的所有者的代表。
6. 求 土木工程专业英语下册（苏小卒 ） 课文翻译
WOOD BRIDGE FAILURE ANALYSIS
by
Charles C. Roberts, Jr.
There are many private bridges owned by insured's throughout the country. The maintenance of these bridges is typically the responsibility of the insured. From time to time, a vehicle traveling over the bridge will cause a collapse of the bridge, damage to the vehicle and possible personal injury. The owner of the bridge, the insured, is often accused of negligent maintenance of the structure. This may or may not be true. Factors regarding the loss that tend to implicate the insured are:
1. Deterioration of the wood bridge structure
2. Improper design of the bridge structure
3. Improper construction
Deterioration of the wood structure can be easily observed from failed wood members (see Claims, March 1991, Wood Failure Analysis). Dry rot, insect attack, and other decay related failure modes signal the weakening of the structure. Improper design can be assessed by looking at plans and determining the load capacity of the structure by calculation. Improper material selection such as not specifying treated wood at specific locations may be a design deficiency. Finally, improper construction, such as failure to install members or bolts can sufficiently weaken a structure.
The mere failure of a bridge, where the claimant gets "mped in the creek" is not usually persuasive in assigning liability to the insured. Some examples of factors implicating claimants are:
1. Operating an overloaded vehicle
2. Impacting the structure causing failure
3. Traveling at a speed such that dynamic forces overload the structure
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
Overloading a construction vehicle to save trips to the rock quarry is not unheard of. Vehicular impact with a bridge structural member can cause failure. Dynamic forces, those caused by bouncing or swaying, can superimpose additional loads on the bridge, causing a failure. Figure 1 is a view of a large truck that attempted to back over a private bridge to mp a load of gravel. Immediately, when the rear al axles of the truck were supported by the bridge, a collapse occurred, trapping the truck on the bridge. The truck was recovered and the bridge analyzed. Figure 2 shows a wood beam that had failed in a rotted area. The loss scenario is a classic failure to maintain.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
Figures 3 and 4 are views of a private suspension footbridge over a small creek. The insured was in the habit of letting snowmobilers drive their sleds over the bridge between farm fields. While crossing the bridge, a sled and driver fell through the bridge into the creek. Failure analysis of the wood stringers showed a degree of rot, recing the load carrying capacity. However, the bouncing of the snowmobile as it crossed the wood stringers added dynamic loading to the system resulting in the loss. Here a combination of wood rot and dynamic loading explains the failure.
When analyzing bridge failures, structural analysis of the bridge aids in the determination of load capacity. Computing or measuring the vehicle load determines the safety margin of the system, i.e., the difference between the bridge load capacity and the load carried. Finally, investigating deterioration, construction and design peculiarities further refines the cause of failure.
7. 翻译土木工程专业英语，多谢
1.As科学知识的增加，因此没有实际应用。十八世纪开始实行了通常所称的工业革命，在这种机器开始做更多的工作，以前一直由人或动物。在十九世纪和在我们自己的一天，双方的科学研究和实际应用其成果取得了进展迅速。他们给的土木工程师新的和更有力的材料，数学公式，他可以使用的计算强调，将遇到的结构，机器，能够建造摩天大楼，水坝，隧道和桥梁，可能从来没有之前建成。
2.Many不同种类的工程师常常工作大型项目，如太空探索或核电厂的发展。在太空计划，例如，发射台和火箭装配和储存建设佛罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角，最大的此类结构在世界主要工作的土木工程师。在一个核电厂，民间的工程师负责设计和建造工厂本身，以及屏蔽保护的核反应堆。在这两个案件，但民间的工程师与专家工作在航空航天，核能和电气工程。在项目的这种，工程师是一个成员的团队，往往是由系统工程师谁建设协调所有成员的团队。由于团队是必要的，如此众多的工程项目的今天，一个重要的资格是工程师的工作能力成功地与其他人。
3.Still另一结果增加了科学知识的是，工程已经发展成为一种职业。专业是一个占领像法律，医学，或工程，需要专门的，先进的教育;事实上，它们往往是所谓的“经验教训的职业” 。直到19世纪，工程师一般是工匠或项目组织者谁的经验教训他们的技能通过学徒制，在职培训，或审判和错误。如今，许多工程师花几年在大学学习的先进程度。然而，即使是那些工程师谁不学习先进程度必须意识到改变其栏位和相关。土木工程剂量谁不知道新材料，已成为可不能成功地竞争与谁做
8. 土木工程专业英语翻译
表4说明，在重力的作用下，A支承和B支承的反作用力没有很大的区别。A支承的反作用力大于B支承，是因为桥梁结构的倾斜面，且A侧高于B侧。在30吨+30吨+30吨的重力下，A支承和B支承的反作用力都在发生变化。当负载增加到50吨+50吨t+50吨和重力（参见图13）， A支承的反作用力为18.4KN, 。 当20吨+55吨+55吨载荷和重力位于桥跨的中间时（参见图13），A支承的反作用力为-25.7KN.它表示A支承也在脱出。当55吨+55吨和55吨负载和重力施加于桥梁时，A支承的反作用力为94.1KN.A支承没有分离，它的反作用力很小。如果偶然载荷和55吨+55吨的重车同时在桥上通过，桥梁就会很危险。
总结以上计算和分析的结果表明桥梁的稳定性不仅仅是负载的大小，更重要的是其受重的位置。为了保证交通的安全，必须限制超载和必须限制两辆55吨车同时通过。
以上仅供参考！
9. 土木工程专业英语 一篇翻译
对不起 我不善于这个专业的翻译 这两天忙也没时间翻译
10. 土木工程专业英语翻译 段兵延
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