1. 机械工程专业英语翻译(不要软件翻译) 在线等~!
加工时,几乎不可能得到所要求尺寸的工件是制造科学的一个非常重要的事实。这事实上是由机床自身固有的误差所引起的,尽管非常细微,同时还有其他各种复杂的因素,如工件或固定装置的弹性变形和复位,或者加工时的温度,有时是加工操作人员的技术水平。因为很难去分析和完全排除这些因素所造成的影响,所以在不影响完工的工件正常功能的基础上,确定一个可接受的误差或偏斜度更可行。从标准尺寸到两边的偏差(正或负)分别决定了高和低的界限,两个尺寸界限之间的不同就叫做容差。容差是一个没有正负号的绝对值。像你所认为的那样,容差的等级是取决于基础尺寸并且被标为字母数字符号。在ISO系统中有18个容差等级标准,容差可以通过公式和ISO发布的运算表获得。显然,更小的容差需要在加工部件是用高精准的机床,从而提高产品成本。
在安装组合之前,两个部件相交的面积尺寸之间的关系必须被确定下来。换句话说,0线到哪个相关误差的位置必须为两个贴合面确定下来。这正决定了俩个贴合面之间相对活动的松紧程度。基本上有三种配合类型,即间歇配合,过渡配合和干涉配合。在所有的间歇配合案例里,轴的上限总是要比配合孔的下限要小。在干涉配合案例中就不是这样,轴的下限总是比配合孔的上限大。过渡配合,像它的名字所暗示的,是一种介于中间的配合方式。按照ISO标准,内部被包裹的部分总是作为轴,同时外面包围的面被认为是配合孔。因此,基于配合的方式,钥匙就是轴,而钥匙孔就是配合孔。
有两种方式可以描述配合的各种类型,即以轴为基础的系统和以配合空为基础的系统。容差区域0线的位置用一个字母来标示,大写代表配合孔,小写代表轴;同时像前文提到的,容差等级用一个数字来标示。所以,一个配合的名称可以是H7/h6, F6/g5,或任何其他更小的型号。
2. 轻化工程考研科目
轻化工程是纺织化学与染整工程专业的简称,纺织化学与染整工程专业硕士全国招生较强的招生单位有:
东华大学、天津工业大学、浙江理工大学、苏州大学、西安工程科技学院、武汉科技学院、青岛大学、北京服装学院、四川大学、河北科技大学、内蒙古工业大学。
一般初试科目都是全国统考科目,复试是自主命题,不尽相同。举例如下。
西安工程大学纺织化学与染整工程专业2015年考研招生简章招生目录
专业代码:082103
研究方向
01 纺织品化学加工新材料、新工艺的理论及应用研究
02 纺织品功能性整理理论与技术的研究和开发
03 毛纺织品染整加工技术的研究与应用
04 生物技术在纺织品染整加工中的应用
05 纺织品染色理论及工艺研究
考试科目
①101思想政治理论
②201英语一
③302数学二
④802纺织综合(B)
复试科目、复试参考书
复试科目:
902有机化学
3. 建筑工程专业英语翻译 急!!急!!急!!
只给15分,但还是帮你翻好了。能加点分最好。
There are three main types of steel used in concrete.The commonest type consists of ordinarymild-steel bars which vary in diameter form 3/16 in.to 2 in ;although bars greater than 1 in.diameter are only used in large scales construction work.
High-tensile steel bars are also used for entirely for prestressed concrete,which will be dealt within the next passage ,have much higher strengths than the stels than the steels used for ordinary reinforced concrete. The allowable stresses used for these high-tensile wires may be up to about eight times that for mild steel and the stress for the high-tensile alloy bars is sbout four and half times the mild-steel stress.
用于混凝土的钢主要有三种类型.最常见的类型由普通的低碳钢筋组成,直径从3 / 16 英寸到2英寸,不过大于1英寸的钢筋只用于大规模的建设工程。 高抗拉强度钢筋完全用于预应力混凝土,它们将在下面的段落予以描述,它们比用于通常增强混凝土的钢筋具有高得多的强度。允许用于这些高强度钢丝的应力可高达中碳钢的约8倍,而高抗拉强度合金杆只有中碳钢允许应力的4.5倍。
Steel for ordinary reinforced concrete may be obtained in a variety of forms apart from the normal round bars.These include deformed and indented bars and a various tape of twisted steel.These bars can usually be relied upon to provide a better bond with the concerte than that obtainde with ordinary round bars,In addition to the improved bound,some of these types have a higher tensile strength and can be allowed to carry a greater load
除了通常的圆钢筋外,普通增强混凝土用的钢也可以多种形式获得,它们包括变形钢筋和螺纹钢筋,以及各种由钢扭绞成的带。这些形式的钢筋可以比通常的圆钢筋获得与混凝土更好的黏结。此外,为了改善黏结,这些钢筋形式中的某一些具有较好的抗拉强度而可以承受更大的负荷。
Mild steel has a high ctility compared with most of the high-strength steels,and this enbles it to stretch without breaking when it is suddenly overloaded beyond its ordinary safe working load.This also enables it to be bent readily into the required shapes.
中碳钢与大多数高碳钢相比有高的延展性,这使之受到超过其通常安全工作负荷的,突然的过载时能够伸展而不致断裂。这也使之能容易地弯曲成所需的形状。
The type of high-tensile steel used for ordinary reinforced concrete is less ctile than mild steel and is more difficult to bend,but it is generally quite for bending into the shapes normally required
用于通常增强混凝土的高抗拉强度钢的类型比中碳钢延展性差,更难弯曲,但它一般来说完全可以弯曲成通常所需的形状。
4. 跪求土木工程专业英语(段兵延)LESSON4 原文
Lesson 4 Tall Building
Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.
虽然在建筑施工技术中,总的来说已经有了许多进步,但是在超高层建筑的设计和施工中也取得了惊人的成就。
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing.
高层建筑的早期发展始于结构的钢框架。
Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes.
从那以后,钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒体体系就被竞相经济地用在了许多民用和商用结构中。
The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.
美国各地正在修建的50~110层的高层建筑是新的结构体系改革和发展的结果。
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.
更大的高度需要增加柱和梁的尺寸来使建筑物的刚性更大,以便于它们在风荷载作用下不会倾斜到允许的范围之外。
Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details.
过分的水平倾斜将导致隔板、天花板和其他建筑物细部的严重的复发性破坏。
In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion.
此外,过分的倾斜还可能导致建筑物内部居住者的不适,因为他们感觉到了这种运动。
Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.
钢筋混凝土和钢结构系统充分利用了整个建筑的固有的潜在的刚度,因此不需要额外的加强板来限制倾斜。
In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.
比如,在钢结构中,可以根据建筑物的每平方英尺楼板面积所需要钢材的总平均数量来限定经济。
Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories.
图1中的曲线A描绘的是传统框架随着增加的楼层数的平均单位重量。
Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads.
曲线B描绘的是在框架不受任何横向荷载时平均钢材重量。
The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame.
上下边界之间的间隙描绘的是传统柱梁框架由高度带来的额外费用。
Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.
为了消除这种额外费用,结构工程师们已经发展了一些结构体系。
Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations.
用钢材修建的高层建筑是作为几种类型的结构的创新的结果而发展起来的。
The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.
这种创新已经被用在办公楼和公寓大楼的施工当中。
In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used.
为了把框架结构的外柱连接到内部垂直桁架上,可以在建筑的中部和顶部设置刚性带状桁架系统。
A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.
这种体系的一个好的例子就是密尔沃基市的威斯康星第一银行大楼。
The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building,for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground.
只有当所有的柱子以这样一种方式(即整个建筑作为一个中空的筒体或刚性的盒子突出于地面上)互相连接在一起时,才能获得高层建筑的整体结构对于抵抗风荷载的强度和刚度的最大功效。
This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago.The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 1l0-story World Trade Center building in New York.
这种特殊的结构体系第一次使用可能是在芝加哥的这幢43层钢筋混凝土公寓大楼中。这种体系的最有意义的使用是在纽约的110层世贸中心大厦的结构钢双塔中。
The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams.
建筑的外柱可相隔适当远的距离,它们还能被作成一个筒体一起起作用,通过把它们和对角的构件在柱和梁的中线上交叉而连接在一起。
This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago,using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.
这种简单但非常有效的体系第一次使用是在芝加哥的John Hancock中心大楼中,它用了和传统40层楼所正常需要的一样多的钢筋。
With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency.
随着对更大更高的建筑的不断需要,框筒或对顶柱桁架筒体可能被用在捆绑的形式中以形成更大的筒体外壳,同时又保持了高效力。
The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows.
芝加哥的110层Sears Roebuck Headquarters大楼有9个筒体,在大楼的基础部位被捆成了三排。
Some of these indivial tubes terminate at different heights of the building,demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept.
这些独立的筒体中的一些在大楼的不同高度处中止,这是最新的结构概念的不受限制的建筑上的可能性的一个例证。
The Sears tower,at a height of 1450 ft (442 m) ,is the world’s tallest building.
The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (1ateral building movement) in high-rise building.
筒体结构体系被发展起来是为了提高高层建筑对侧向荷载(风和地震)的抵抗,以及对建筑的侧向位移的控制。
The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further.
薄壳筒体使筒体体系又向前迈进了一步。
The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings,and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.
薄壳筒体的进步是利用建筑的正面(墙或板)作为与框筒共同起作用的结构构件,为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷载提供了一个有效的途径,而且可获得节省成本、不设柱子、使用面积与建筑面积之比很高的室内空间。
Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade,the framed members of the tube require 1ess mass,and are thus lighter and less expensive.
因为薄壳立面的作用,筒体的框架构件需要量就更少,因此就更轻更便宜。
All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members.
所有代表性的柱和窗下墙的墙托梁都是标准的轧制形式,这可以使特殊的组合构件的用量和成本降到最低。
The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space,is minimized.
周围窗下墙托梁的厚度要求也就降低了,将侵占有用空间的楼板上的梁的需求也减到了最少。
The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.
While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start,development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.
当早期有了用钢筋修建的高层建筑的时候,钢筋混凝土的高层建筑也在以一个很快的速度发展,从而形成了对钢结构系统的激烈挑战,不论是在办公大楼还是在公寓大楼的使用中。
Framed tube 框筒
As discussed above,the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building.
如前所讨论的,框筒的概念第一次被用于高层建筑是在43层的DeWitt Chestnut 公寓大楼中。
In this building,exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in. -thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs.
在这幢建筑中,外柱中线间隔了1.68m,内柱被用来支撑20cm厚的混凝土平板。
Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube.
办公大楼中用钢筋混凝土的另一种系统是把传统的剪力墙结构和一个外部的框筒结合起来。
The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area.
该体系由间距很小的柱子构成的外框筒和围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙内筒组成。
The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system,made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete building (the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories.
被称为筒中筒的这种系统,使设计出目前世界上最高的轻质混凝土大楼成为可能,并且这幢大楼的单位价格仅是传统的35层剪力墙结构的单位价格。
Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed,an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems.The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system.
混凝土和钢筋组合使用的系统也已经被发展起来,这种系统的一个例子就是由Skidmore,Owings和Merrill共同发展的复合体系,在该体系中,一个间隔很近的混凝土外框筒包裹着一个内钢框架,因此它结合了钢筋混凝土和钢结构系统的优点。52层的新奥尔良广场大楼就是建立在这种系统的基础之上。
This text mainly introced some structural types of high-rise building, such as systems in steel, frames with rigid belt trusses, framed tube, stressed-skin tube system, tube in tube, etc. In addition, it gives us some examples which are representational.
这篇文章主要介绍了高层建筑的一些结构类型,比如钢筋体系、刚性带状桁架框架、框筒、薄壳筒体体系、筒中筒等等。此外,文章还给我们举了一些具有代表性的实例。
希望帮到你。
5. 工业工程专业英语答案
1..Instrial engineering is emerging as one of the classica and novel professsions that will be counted for solving complex and systematic problems in the highly technological world of today.
作为一种古老和新颖的专业之一,工业工程的出现用来解决当今高度技术发展的世界所遇到的复杂的系统问题。
2.IE is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated system```
工业工程是对由人员物料、信息、设备和能源所组成的集成系统进行设计、改善光和设置的一门科学。它综合运用数学、物理学和社会科学的专门知识和技术,以及工程分析和设计的原理与方法,对该系统所取得的成果进行鉴定、预测和评价。
3.Associated with a profession is a significant body of special knowledge.
于一个专业相关的是该专业所具有的特殊的知识结构。
4.Each member of a profession recognizes his responsibilities to society```
专业中的每一个成员都能认识到他对社会的责任是在他对客户或其他的专业成员之上。
5.It is different with the situation of unite states that IE belong to the secondary level of````
与美国的情况不同,工业工程在中国是属于管理科学与工程一级学科之下的二级学科。
The instrial engineer designs the cai with a driver in mind but with on intention of````
工业工程师设计赛车时关心坐在车里的赛车手如何驾驶,而不关系比赛时赛车如何运动
7.The attack of modern science on complex problems arising in the direction an magagement
运筹学是用来处理产业,商业,政府和国防领域由人,机器,物料,和资金组成的复杂的大系统的管理和指导的现代科学。运筹学所采用的独特方法是建立科学的系统模型看,再加上机会与风险等的因素评价,对所选择的决策,战略和控制的结果进行预测和比较。运筹学的目的是帮助管理层决定其政策并科学的采取行动
1.方法研究是一项集工程与管理于一体的技术,其目的是寻求在不投资或者少投资的情况下来提高生产率,因而多年来在工业界一直受到普遍的关注。2.自然带弧形的运动比受控制的运动轻快 准确
Unit2 2.时间研究是一种结构化的直接观察和测量(使用计时设备)过程,旨在决定一位合格,适当,训练有素的操作者,在标准状态下,对一种特定的工作以正常操作速度操作所需要的时间。
3这一技术说明做一件工作实际花多长时间,而不是它应该花多长时间。
4.在左边的架子应该能夹住时间研究表。5.观察者应该站着而不是坐着,在操作者背后几英尺远的地方,不要转移操作者的注意力或者干扰操作者的操作。6。为了划分操作单元,研究者应该观察操作者几个操作循环。
Unit3 1.当记录秒表读数时,仅记录具体的数字而忽略小数点,因而留出尽可能多的时间观察操纵者的表现。
2.有些时间研究者综合使用两种方法,即在主要是长时间单元时采用归零法,而在短周期的研究中则采取连续计时法。
3.在指定的条件下,所有熟练人员完成真正基本动作所需要的时间是常量。4.因此,生产的衬套必须用塞规测量。
Unit4 1,根据概率论,用工作抽样法处理的现象接近于正态分布。
2.调查目的的不同,则调查项目分类,调查方法和观测次数均不相同。
3.在观测前,要绘制被观测设备和操作者分布平面图和巡回观测的路线图。
4.根据不同的时间按间隔决定观测的次数和观测时间,就称为分层抽样。
6. 高分求,机械工程专业英语翻译
润滑轴承
正文:对象的润滑是减少摩擦,磨损,并加热零件的相对移动而每个other.A润滑剂是任何物质,当插入移动之间的表面,完成这些purposes.In杂志轴承,相对议案滑动。在减摩轴承,主要的相对运动是滚动。追随者可能
要么卷或幻灯片的凸轮。齿轮牙齿与队友互相相结合的滚动和滑动。活塞幻灯片在其汽缸。所有这些应用需要润滑,减少摩擦,磨损,和取暖。
在应用领域的轴承是巨大的。曲轴与连杆轴承的汽车引擎必须运行数千公里在高温下和在不同负荷条件轴承所用的蒸汽涡轮机发电站据说有信度接近百分之百。在另一个极端有数以千计的应用软件,其中轻负荷和服务相对不重要。一种简单,易于安装轴承需要,利用很少或根本没有润滑,在这种情况下的减摩轴承可能是一个贫穷的答案,因为成本,密切公差,径向所需的空间,高的速度,或增加惯性的影响。相反,尼龙轴承无需润滑,粉末,冶金轴承润滑“建造”或青铜轴承环油,固体润滑膜,或润滑可能是一个非常令人满意的解决办法。最近的事态发展冶金轴承材料,加上增加知识的润滑过程中,现在能够设计轴承满意的生活和非常好的可靠性。
五个不同形式的润滑可确定:
(一)动力;
(二)静;
(三)弹;
(四)边界;
(戊)固态薄膜。
7. 轻化工程专业用英语怎么说
Light Chemistry Engineering