机械工程标准目录中英文对照

1. 关于机械制造方面的专业术语（中英文对照表）！

英语6级，仅供参考，点个采纳，嘻嘻： 联结link 传动drive/transmission 轴shaft 弹性elasticity 频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差error 响应response 定位allocation 机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematic 静力学 static 分析力学 analyse mechanics 拉伸pulling 压缩hitting 剪切shear 扭转twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 强度intensity 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous motor 几何形状 geometrical 精度precision 正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit 机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force 变形deformation 应力stress 硬度rigidity 热处理 heat treatment 退火anneal 正火normalizing 脱碳decarburization 渗碳carburization 电路circuit 半导体元件 semiconctor element 反馈feedback 发生器 generator 直流电源 DC electrical source 门电路 gate circuit 逻辑代数 logic algebra 外圆磨削 external grinding 内圆磨削 internal grinding 平面磨削 plane grinding 变速箱 gearbox 离合器 clutch 绞孔fraising 绞刀reamer 螺纹加工 thread processing 螺钉screw 铣削mill 铣刀milling cutter 功率power 工件workpiece 齿轮加工 gear mechining 齿轮gear 主运动 main movement 主运动方向 direction of main movement 进给方向 direction of feed 进给运动 feed movement 合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed 合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting 合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth 前刀面 rake face 刀尖nose of tool 前角rake angle

2. 机械工程专业英语的图书目录

Part1Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering
Unit1Mechanical Engineering
PassageⅠIntroction to Mechanical Engineering
PassageⅡIntroction to Design
PassageⅢManufacturing
PassageⅣThe Science of Mechanics
Unit2Engineering Materials
PassageⅠMetals and Ferrous Metals
PassageⅡNonmetallic Materials
PassageⅢPowder Metallurgy
Unit3Material Treatment and Properties
PassageⅠHeat Treatment
PassageⅡMechanical Properties of Metals
PassageⅢStress and strain
PassageⅣSurface Treatment
Unit4Mechanical Drawing
PassageⅠEngineering Drawing
PassageⅡSectional Views
PassageⅢMachine Drawings
PassageⅣAutoCAD
Unit5Mechanism
PassageⅠIntroction to Mechanism
PassageⅡShafting
PassageⅢLinkages
Unit6Machine Parts
PassageⅠFasteners
PassageⅡKeys，Splines，and Pins
PassageⅢBearings
PassageⅣGears
Unit7Mechanical Design
PassageⅠIntroction to Mechanical Design
PassageⅡMachine Design
PassageⅢEngineering Tolerancing
PassageⅣConceptual Design
Unit8Hot Working and Forming Processes
PassageⅠCasting
PassageⅡWelding
PassageⅢForming
PassageⅣForging
Part2Equipment and Technology of Machine Manufacture
Unit9Basic Machining Operations—Turning,Boring and Milling
PassageⅠBasic Machining Operations
PassageⅡTurning on Lathe centers
PassageⅢBoring
PassageⅣMilling
Unit10Broaching、Sawing、Drilling and Reaming
PassageⅠBroaching
PassageⅡSawing
PassageⅢDrilling
PassageⅣReaming
Unit11Lathes and Other Machines
PassageⅠLathes,Boring Machines and Planing Machine
PassageⅡDrill press
PassageⅢGrinding Wheels and Grinding Machines
PassageⅣMilling Machines
Part3Computerized Manufacturing and Mechantronics Technologies
Unit12Technologies of Numerical Control and Mechantronics
PassageⅠNumerical Control of Proction Equipments (I)
PassageⅡNumerical Control of Proction Equipments (Ⅱ)
PassageⅢInstrial Robot
PassageⅣAdaptive Control of Machine Tools
Unit13CAD/CAM/CAPP
PassageⅠCAD and CAM
PassageⅡComputer Aided Process Planning (CAPP)
Unit14Advanced Technology of Manufacturing
PassageⅠGroup Technology
PassageⅡCellular Manufacturing
PassageⅢMachine Centers
PassageⅣFlexible Manufacturing Systems
PassageⅤComputer Integrated Manufacturing System (Ⅰ)
PassageⅨComputer Integrated Manufacturing System (Ⅱ)
Part4Assembly
Unit15Assembly
PassageⅠIntroction to Assembly
PassageⅡTypes of Manual Assembly Methods
PassageⅢAutomated Assembly
PassageⅣAssembly Machines and Systems
Part5Machinery for Agriculture
Unit16Engine and Tractor
PassageⅠHow the Engine Works
PassageⅡThe patrol Engine
PassageⅢDiesel Engines
PassageⅣThe tractor
Glossary
参考文献

3. 机械中英文对照文章

对压缩机单螺杆专用加工机床的介绍更新时间

摘要：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。
一、介绍机床的布局
压缩机排气量的大小决定了星轮、螺杆直径的大小和啮合中心距的大小，因此螺杆直径的不同，机床的主轴与刀具的回转中心也不同。为满足加工不同直径的螺杆，目前国内单螺杆加工机床的布局大致有以下几种方案。
第一种：机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式
机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式，中心距不可调整。加工几种直径的螺杆就需要几种中心距规格不同的机床。
优点：机床的结构简单。
缺点：每种机床只能加工一种规格的螺杆，当市场上某种规格的压缩机螺杆需要量大时，造成一台机床加工，其他机床闲置。
第二种：机床的主轴箱为可回转式
机床可根据加工螺杆直径的大小在加工前把主轴箱旋转一个角度。这种主轴箱能够回转的机床是对上述第一种机床在使用方法上的改进，与第一种机床的结构基本相同。
优点：机床的结构简单，能适应多种规格螺杆的加工。
缺点1：主轴箱旋转后主轴回转中心线与刀具回转中心线间的距离不易精确测量。
缺点2：主轴箱旋转后主轴前端面与刀具的回转中心线间的距离减少，因此加工较大直径的螺杆受到限制。
第三种：机床的主轴箱为横向移动式
主轴箱底部与底座之间布置有矩形滑动导轨，主轴箱移动的方向垂直于主轴回转中心线并垂直于刀具回转中心线。主轴箱的动力通过花键轴传给底座内的刀具进给机构。
根据加工螺杆直径的大小，在加工前用手轮丝杠进给机构把主轴箱移动到适当位置，然后用螺钉将主轴箱固定在底座上。主轴箱的移动距离可用光栅尺检测，位置误差±0.005mm。
采用主轴箱可横向移动的一个机床就可以加工直径φ95～φ385mm之间任何一种规格的螺杆。
由于加工φ95～φ385mm直径的螺杆，造成主轴前端面与刀具回转中心线间的距离差值过大，因此在实际应用时设计成两种规格的机床，一个机床加工φ95～φ205mm直径的螺杆，另一个机床加工φ180～φ385mm直径的螺杆。
优点：机床能适应多种规格螺杆的加工，每种规格的螺杆不需要配备相应的加工机床。
缺点：机床的结构和机床的装配较前二种机床复杂，机床的造价也较前二种机床高。
二、介绍机床的主轴结构
机床主轴箱的水平主轴和底座上的立式的主轴精度的高低决定了被加工螺杆的精度，同时螺杆在压缩机中以几千转的速度高速旋转时，精度较差的螺杆会使压缩机产生发热、振动、效率低、磨损快等现象。
国内目前现有的单螺杆加工机床主轴结构大致有以下两种方案。
第一种：轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承和两个推力球轴承组合，该主轴使用双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用两个推力球轴承承受轴向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承或采用1个向心球轴承。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴的加工和装配简单，造价较低。
缺点1：由于主轴轴承的径向游隙不可调整，所以主轴精度较差。虽然可以利用轴承的内径和轴径的过盈配合来消除轴承的径向游隙，但每个轴承的内径和径向游隙不是一个固定值，因此设计和加工时很难给准轴径与轴承内径的配合公差。
缺点2：在市场上很难买到国产或进口的C、D级或P4、P5级的推力球轴承，机床生产厂常用普通级轴承替代使用，此举也影响了主轴精度的提高。
轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构适用于一般精度的普通机床，不适用于对主轴精度要求较高的机床。
第二种：轴承径向游隙可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用一个P4级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承和1个P4级的双列向心推力球轴承组合。该主轴使用圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用双列向心推力球轴承承受轴向切削力和部分径向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个P5级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承。
圆锥孔双列圆柱滚子轴承的内圈和配合轴径均为1：12圆锥，用圆螺母锁紧轴承则使轴承在轴向产生一个位移并使轴承的内圈膨胀，从而达到减少或消除轴承径向游隙的目的。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴精度较高。在主轴前端面φ230mm直径上测量主轴的端面跳动值为0.010mm。在主轴前端φ230mm外圆上测量主轴的径向跳动值为0.005mm。第二种结构的主轴精度比第一种主轴精度提高50%左右。
这种主轴结构的缺点：
主轴的加工工艺较复杂，主轴的装配也需要有经验的工人操作才能使主轴精度达到理想数值。
三、刀具进给深度的控制
不同直径的螺杆需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度从几十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具进给机构大约需要旋转进刀几千圈才能完成一个螺杆零件的加工。
由于刀具进给机构在刀具旋转的同时还要完成进刀动作，所以一些在普通机床上常用的机械、电气控制切深的方法都不适用于单螺杆加工机床。
单螺杆加工机床的刀具进给机构采用以下不同的方法都可以达到控制进刀深度的目的。
第一种：摩擦离合器和电气开关控制刀具进给深度
它的控制原理是刀具切深增大时刀具进给机构的负载扭距增大，使刀具进给机构传动链中的摩擦离合器打滑，一个机械连杆机构触发电气开关并发出声、光信号提示操作者，此时操作者人工操作断开刀具进给机构的动力。
这种控制方法的优点是：控制方法简单及零件加工和操作不受突然断电的影响。
缺点是：加工不同直径的螺杆需要调整摩擦离合器压紧碟簧的预紧力。
由于每个螺杆材质的密度、硬度存在细微差异及刀具锋利程度也存在差异，因此使这种控制方法的精度不太准确，可能导致螺杆螺旋槽的深度公差过大。
第二种：用电磁离合器、编码器组合控制刀具进给深度
刀具进给系统中，装有电磁离合器及一对用于检测刀具转动圈数的测速齿轮和一个编码器。

结论：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。

Dedicated to the single screw compressor machine updated the Introction

Abstract: This paper describes four areas from the existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the proction of reference works.
First, introce the layout of machine tools
Decide the size of the compressor displacement of the stars round, screw diameter, mesh size and the size of the center distance, so different in diameter screw, machine tool spindle and the rotary center are also different. To meet the processing of different diameter screw, single screw Currently the layout of machine tools in general there are several options.
The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed
Machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine.
Advantages: simple structure of the machine.
Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle.
The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotary
Processing screw machine according to the size of the diameter at the processing before a point of rotating spindle box. Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above-mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same.
Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw.
One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult.
2 disadvantage: after the rotating spindle spindle box and the front surface of the rotary cutter centerline distance between the rection of the larger diameter of the screw processing is limited.
The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobile
Box at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangular sliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of the spindle box spline shaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism.
Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previous round by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, and then screw the spindle box on a fixed base. Spindle box available from the mobile Grating detection, position error ± 0.005mm.
Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter φ95 ~ φ385mm any kind between the screw specifications.
Φ95 ~ φ385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a φ95 ~ φ205mm machine screw diameter Another φ180 ~ φ385mm machine screw diameter.
Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools.
Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high.
Second, introce the structure of machine tool spindle
The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.
Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two.
The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structure
Before spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force.
After the general adoption of the spindle bearings out one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings or a ball bearing to the heart.
Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost.
One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances.
2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically proced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle.
Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.
The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structure
Before the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cutting force cutting force.
Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings.
Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to rece or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes.
Main structure of such advantages: high precision spindle. At the front spindle diameter φ230mm noodle on the end measuring spindle Beat value of 0.010mm. Φ230mm cylindrical spindle at the front end on the radial axis measurement value of Beat 0.005mm. The second structure of the spindle of a precision spindle accuracy than the first about 50% improve.
Main disadvantage of this structure:
The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy.
Third, the depth of the tool feed control
Required different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machining .
Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine.
Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different methods can be feed to control the depth of purpose.
The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feed
Its principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator, when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector.
The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impact of a sudden.
Disadvantage are: processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring.
Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large.
The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth of
Tool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder.
It is a tool of control principle刚接触hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start counting counting device, when the rotary tool to pre-set number of laps when the cutting depth is reached, the electromagnetic clutch automatic off open to the power tool into the concurrent silent, optical signal parts prompted the operator has finished processing.
The detection device through the digital display shows the number of feed circles or feed. Torn off and the electromagnetic clutch, the tool does not only into the rotation with the vertical shaft to the sport.
The advantages of this control method are: the depth of the spiral groove screw tolerance control more accurate, because of several significant table shows the depth of processing, or want a few laps and the depth of processing or circle the number of operations is also very intuitive and user-friendly.
Disadvantage are: electrical control of machine tools at the same time more complex parts of this control method at the processing plant, if a sudden power failure, the prior data set will be lost.
If you add in the electrical control of the battery to power at the early-dimensional detection devices to maintain the job, the problem can be resolved.

Four, the control gear drive space
Single screw machine screw in the processing, e to the spiral groove in the rotary tool and the workpiece rotation to complete the synthesis process. Just cut into the workpiece when the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going on a greater resistance knife, cutting tool at the workpiece to be cut when the role of the spiral groove, the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going up against a smaller knife and even by the spiral groove thrust workpiece.
Because there is a box-hole processing machine tool, gear and other processing error, the tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, large amount of so-called open.
Detect drive way too much space is a fixed power input shaft and output shaft rotation shaking, in the case of the transmission structure of conventional design and manufacture of machine tools, the transmission output shaft angle space at more than ten degrees to the dozens of degrees. Transmission gap caused by too large spiral screw groove surface then there is obvious marks, thus affecting the machining accuracy of the screw.
Upon completion of the assembly machine tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, in fact are subject to various errors gear, creating a backlash of the gear is too large.
Machine tools in the mechanical transmission gear are used regardless of the accuracy of a few of the class, the designers take into account the gear manufacturing error, processing error box center distance, temperature, lubricating oil film thickness, the assembly error and other factors, machine design must ensure that transmission gear A certain amount of backlash, backlash decide the size of the gear tooth thickness tolerance size.
Single-screw machine has the Main Drive from other machine tool structure specificity. In order to rece transmission or reasonable gap single-screw machine tools currently used by the following two ways.
The first is: the installation at the output shaft brake
Tool at the output shaft rotating the location of cylindrical symmetry with radial brake, brake stand up to the tool front-end of the cylindrical rotary output shaft, brake for spring preload.
The working principle of the brake is generated by the friction brake to increase the output shaft damping, recing the sensitivity of the rotation axis.
Are: brake and easy does not change the structure of the original machine tool structure, the method of indirect rection to achieve the purpose of drive space, in practical applications there is a certain effect.
One disadvantage: the pre-spring brake tool because of the cylindrical output shaft to exert a greater radial force, in fact increases the load machine torque, resulting in increased motor power at the same time gears, bearings to accelerate wear and tear.
Disadvantage 2: pre-spring brake because of the output shaft of the cylindrical tool to exert a greater radial force on the possible geometry of the tool output shaft a negative impact on accuracy.

Conclusion: This article describes four areas from existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the proction of reference works.

4. 哪位有机械方面的中英文对照的文献或文章啊

About Sheet Metal Fabrication Services

Sheet metal fabrication services providers manufacture components by cutting, bending, rolling, forming, stamping and welding sheet metal. Components manufactured through sheet metal fabrication services are used in a variety of applications such as enclosures, computer equipment, HVAC components, kitchen and sanitary equipment, machine tools and other instrial applications. Sheet metal fabrication services include a diverse range of processes used to fashion sheet metal into usable procts. These processes may be broken down into three rough categories, cutting, forming, and finishing services.

Sheet metal cutting services includes a number of techniques used to cut metal into smaller pieces so that it can be molded or formed into components. Common types of sheet metal cutting involve shearing, electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser cutting, water jet and abrasive cutting. Shearing uses a specialized machine to cut sheet metal by applying shear stress. This process is used to cut large sheets of metal into smaller parts. Laser cutting machines use laser light to cut or etch holes or profiles. Laser cutting machines are very precise programmable pieces of equipment. Water jets and water abrasive jets rely on highly pressurized water (20,000 - 60,000 psi) flowing through a nozzle or "jewel" approximately 0.010" in diameter. Advantages include almost no material heating ring cutting, low side loads, and ability to achieve complex shapes and tight inside radii. Low fixturing costs and fast setup and programming times make this process very suitable for prototypes or short runs. It is most widely used for two-dimensional cutting; three-dimensional machining is possible in specialty applications

Wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) equipment is used to cut conctive materials using a thin electrode. The electrode is a thin wire (typically .004"-.012") that follows a programmed path. The wire does not physically contact the part. It is charged to a certain level and surrounded by de-ionized water. A spark is generated that jumps the gap and melts a small amount of material on the part.

Sheet metal forming processes include those actions used fashion metal into specific shapes or semi-finished pieces. Common techniques include bending and forming, rolling, stamping, punching, welding, and hardware and fastener creation. Bending and forming processes are used to shape the sheet metal to its final shape. In the rolling process, a series of roll stands is used to progressively shape or bend a strip of flat-rolled metal to a desired cross section. Stamping is the process of impressing surface definition and three-dimensional designs onto materials with pressurized tools and dies. Punching is the process of punching holes in the sheet metal. Welding is the joining of metals and metal parts by melting and re-forming a metal bond between materials, with or without additional filler metal. Hardware and fastener creation is the capability to supply and integrate hardware such as handles, latches and threaded, self-clinching fasteners used to provide threads in sheet metal that is too thin or soft to be tapped.

5. 哪位高人有机械类的中英文对照翻译啊大概在三页纸左右

My son Joey was born with ciub feet.The doctors assured us that with treatment he would be able to walk normally-but would never run very well.The first three years of his life were spent in surgery,casts and braces.By the time he was eight, you wouldn’t know he had a problem when you saw him walk.

6. 机械制图国家标准里规定,英文字体是什么字体

字母与数字：字体italic.shx高度5.0宽度因子0.7
汉字：字体仿宋高度5.0宽度因子0.7（注意 不是@仿宋）

7. 机械工程专业英语教程的目录

PART 1 FOUNDATION OF MECHANICS
Unit 1 engineering drawings and tolerance
Unit 2 dimensional tolerances and surface poughness
Unit 3 basic concepts in machanicsUnit 4 movement analysis
Unit 5 kinematic synthesis
Unit 6 fundamentals of mechanical design
Unit 7 mechanism
Unit 8 gears
Unit 9 bearing
Unit 10 hydraulic system and its elements
Unit 11 insrial hydraulic circuits
Unit 12 engineer material
Unit 13 hot metalworking processing (I)
Unit 14 hot metalworking processing (I)
PART II MASS-REDUCING PROCESSES
Unit 15 characteristcs of mass-recing processes
Unit 16 chip formation
Unit 17 the tool material and the tool geometry
Unit 18 the surface quality
Unit 19 the single-point gutting tools
Unit 20 the Multipoint cutting tools
Unit 21 lathes
Unit 22 jigs and fixtures
PART III NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED MACHINE TOOLS
PART IV ADUANCED MANUFACTURING IECHNOLOGY
PART V MAINTENANCE
APPENDIX A MANUFACTURICNG MANAGEMENT
PAAENDIX B SELECTING MARKETS
PAAENDIX C HOW TO WRITE THE ENGLISH RESUME
APPENDIX D ENGLISH CULTURES
参考文献

8. 机械工程及自动化的国际标准、国家标准、行业标准、企业标准各并列出中文名称和编号准书号

你这个问题太宽泛了，机械工程的标准能有六七本5cm厚的书才能写下。

9. 有关机械的中英文对照文章（最好6000字左右的）和一篇英文翻译成中文的文章（英汉对照的）

电磁离合器

对压缩机单螺杆专用加工机床的介绍更新时间

摘要：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。
一、介绍机床的布局
压缩机排气量的大小决定了星轮、螺杆直径的大小和啮合中心距的大小，因此螺杆直径的不同，机床的主轴与刀具的回转中心也不同。为满足加工不同直径的螺杆，目前国内单螺杆加工机床的布局大致有以下几种方案。
第一种：机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式
机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式，中心距不可调整。加工几种直径的螺杆就需要几种中心距规格不同的机床。
优点：机床的结构简单。
缺点：每种机床只能加工一种规格的螺杆，当市场上某种规格的压缩机螺杆需要量大时，造成一台机床加工，其他机床闲置。
第二种：机床的主轴箱为可回转式
机床可根据加工螺杆直径的大小在加工前把主轴箱旋转一个角度。这种主轴箱能够回转的机床是对上述第一种机床在使用方法上的改进，与第一种机床的结构基本相同。
优点：机床的结构简单，能适应多种规格螺杆的加工。
缺点1：主轴箱旋转后主轴回转中心线与刀具回转中心线间的距离不易精确测量。
缺点2：主轴箱旋转后主轴前端面与刀具的回转中心线间的距离减少，因此加工较大直径的螺杆受到限制。
第三种：机床的主轴箱为横向移动式
主轴箱底部与底座之间布置有矩形滑动导轨，主轴箱移动的方向垂直于主轴回转中心线并垂直于刀具回转中心线。主轴箱的动力通过花键轴传给底座内的刀具进给机构。
根据加工螺杆直径的大小，在加工前用手轮丝杠进给机构把主轴箱移动到适当位置，然后用螺钉将主轴箱固定在底座上。主轴箱的移动距离可用光栅尺检测，位置误差±0.005mm。
采用主轴箱可横向移动的一个机床就可以加工直径φ95～φ385mm之间任何一种规格的螺杆。
由于加工φ95～φ385mm直径的螺杆，造成主轴前端面与刀具回转中心线间的距离差值过大，因此在实际应用时设计成两种规格的机床，一个机床加工φ95～φ205mm直径的螺杆，另一个机床加工φ180～φ385mm直径的螺杆。
优点：机床能适应多种规格螺杆的加工，每种规格的螺杆不需要配备相应的加工机床。
缺点：机床的结构和机床的装配较前二种机床复杂，机床的造价也较前二种机床高。
二、介绍机床的主轴结构
机床主轴箱的水平主轴和底座上的立式的主轴精度的高低决定了被加工螺杆的精度，同时螺杆在压缩机中以几千转的速度高速旋转时，精度较差的螺杆会使压缩机产生发热、振动、效率低、磨损快等现象。
国内目前现有的单螺杆加工机床主轴结构大致有以下两种方案。
第一种：轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承和两个推力球轴承组合，该主轴使用双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用两个推力球轴承承受轴向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承或采用1个向心球轴承。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴的加工和装配简单，造价较低。
缺点1：由于主轴轴承的径向游隙不可调整，所以主轴精度较差。虽然可以利用轴承的内径和轴径的过盈配合来消除轴承的径向游隙，但每个轴承的内径和径向游隙不是一个固定值，因此设计和加工时很难给准轴径与轴承内径的配合公差。
缺点2：在市场上很难买到国产或进口的C、D级或P4、P5级的推力球轴承，机床生产厂常用普通级轴承替代使用，此举也影响了主轴精度的提高。
轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构适用于一般精度的普通机床，不适用于对主轴精度要求较高的机床。
第二种：轴承径向游隙可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用一个P4级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承和1个P4级的双列向心推力球轴承组合。该主轴使用圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用双列向心推力球轴承承受轴向切削力和部分径向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个P5级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承。
圆锥孔双列圆柱滚子轴承的内圈和配合轴径均为1：12圆锥，用圆螺母锁紧轴承则使轴承在轴向产生一个位移并使轴承的内圈膨胀，从而达到减少或消除轴承径向游隙的目的。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴精度较高。在主轴前端面φ230mm直径上测量主轴的端面跳动值为0.010mm。在主轴前端φ230mm外圆上测量主轴的径向跳动值为0.005mm。第二种结构的主轴精度比第一种主轴精度提高50%左右。
这种主轴结构的缺点：
主轴的加工工艺较复杂，主轴的装配也需要有经验的工人操作才能使主轴精度达到理想数值。
三、刀具进给深度的控制
不同直径的螺杆需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度从几十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具进给机构大约需要旋转进刀几千圈才能完成一个螺杆零件的加工。
由于刀具进给机构在刀具旋转的同时还要完成进刀动作，所以一些在普通机床上常用的机械、电气控制切深的方法都不适用于单螺杆加工机床。
单螺杆加工机床的刀具进给机构采用以下不同的方法都可以达到控制进刀深度的目的。
第一种：摩擦离合器和电气开关控制刀具进给深度
它的控制原理是刀具切深增大时刀具进给机构的负载扭距增大，使刀具进给机构传动链中的摩擦离合器打滑，一个机械连杆机构触发电气开关并发出声、光信号提示操作者，此时操作者人工操作断开刀具进给机构的动力。
这种控制方法的优点是：控制方法简单及零件加工和操作不受突然断电的影响。
缺点是：加工不同直径的螺杆需要调整摩擦离合器压紧碟簧的预紧力。
由于每个螺杆材质的密度、硬度存在细微差异及刀具锋利程度也存在差异，因此使这种控制方法的精度不太准确，可能导致螺杆螺旋槽的深度公差过大。
第二种：用电磁离合器、编码器组合控制刀具进给深度
刀具进给系统中，装有电磁离合器及一对用于检测刀具转动圈数的测速齿轮和一个编码器。

结论：本文从四个方面介绍了国内现有单螺杆加工机床的布局和结构，并把优缺点一一列举出来，由于压缩机生产厂的单螺杆加工机床和机床资料对外保密，以上介绍难免有片面、不妥之处，因此仅供单螺杆压缩机生产厂参考。

Dedicated to the single screw compressor machine updated the Introction

Abstract: This paper describes four areas from the existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the proction of reference works.
First, introce the layout of machine tools
Decide the size of the compressor displacement of the stars round, screw diameter, mesh size and the size of the center distance, so different in diameter screw, machine tool spindle and the rotary center are also different. To meet the processing of different diameter screw, single screw Currently the layout of machine tools in general there are several options.
The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed
Machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine.
Advantages: simple structure of the machine.
Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle.
The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotary
Processing screw machine according to the size of the diameter at the processing before a point of rotating spindle box. Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above-mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same.
Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw.
One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult.
2 disadvantage: after the rotating spindle spindle box and the front surface of the rotary cutter centerline distance between the rection of the larger diameter of the screw processing is limited.
The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobile
Box at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangular sliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of the spindle box spline shaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism.
Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previous round by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, and then screw the spindle box on a fixed base. Spindle box available from the mobile Grating detection, position error ± 0.005mm.
Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter φ95 ~ φ385mm any kind between the screw specifications.
Φ95 ~ φ385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a φ95 ~ φ205mm machine screw diameter Another φ180 ~ φ385mm machine screw diameter.
Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools.
Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high.
Second, introce the structure of machine tool spindle
The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.
Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two.
The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structure
Before spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force.
After the general adoption of the spindle bearings out one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings or a ball bearing to the heart.
Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost.
One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances.
2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically proced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle.
Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.
The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structure
Before the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cutting force cutting force.
Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings.
Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to rece or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes.
Main structure of such advantages: high precision spindle. At the front spindle diameter φ230mm noodle on the end measuring spindle Beat value of 0.010mm. Φ230mm cylindrical spindle at the front end on the radial axis measurement value of Beat 0.005mm. The second structure of the spindle of a precision spindle accuracy than the first about 50% improve.
Main disadvantage of this structure:
The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy.
Third, the depth of the tool feed control
Required different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machining .
Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine.
Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different methods can be feed to control the depth of purpose.
The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feed
Its principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator, when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector.
The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impact of a sudden.
Disadvantage are: processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring.
Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large.
The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth of
Tool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder.
It is a tool of control principle刚接触hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start counting counting device, when the rotary tool to pre-set number of laps when the cutting depth is reached, the electromagnetic clutch automatic off open to the power tool into the concurrent silent, optical signal parts prompted the operator has finished processing.
The detection device through the digital display shows the number of feed circles or feed. Torn off and the electromagnetic clutch, the tool does not only into the rotation with the vertical shaft to the sport.
The advantages of this control method are: the depth of the spiral groove screw tolerance control more accurate, because of several significant table shows the depth of processing, or want a few laps and the depth of processing or circle the number of operations is also very intuitive and user-friendly.
Disadvantage are: electrical control of machine tools at the same time more complex parts of this control method at the processing plant, if a sudden power failure, the prior data set will be lost.
If you add in the electrical control of the battery to power at the early-dimensional detection devices to maintain the job, the problem can be resolved.

Four, the control gear drive space
Single screw machine screw in the processing, e to the spiral groove in the rotary tool and the workpiece rotation to complete the synthesis process. Just cut into the workpiece when the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going on a greater resistance knife, cutting tool at the workpiece to be cut when the role of the spiral groove, the tool in the tangential direction of rotation has been going up against a smaller knife and even by the spiral groove thrust workpiece.
Because there is a box-hole processing machine tool, gear and other processing error, the tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, large amount of so-called open.
Detect drive way too much space is a fixed power input shaft and output shaft rotation shaking, in the case of the transmission structure of conventional design and manufacture of machine tools, the transmission output shaft angle space at more than ten degrees to the dozens of degrees. Transmission gap caused by too large spiral screw groove surface then there is obvious marks, thus affecting the machining accuracy of the screw.
Upon completion of the assembly machine tool axis of rotation of the drive space is too large, in fact are subject to various errors gear, creating a backlash of the gear is too large.
Machine tools in the mechanical transmission gear are used regardless of the accuracy of a few of the class, the designers take into account the gear manufacturing error, processing error box center distance, temperature, lubricating oil film thickness, the assembly error and other factors, machine design must ensure that transmission gear A certain amount of backlash, backlash decide the size of the gear tooth thickness tolerance size.
Single-screw machine has the Main Drive from other machine tool structure specificity. In order to rece transmission or reasonable gap single-screw machine tools currently used by the following two ways.
The first is: the installation at the output shaft brake
Tool at the output shaft rotating the location of cylindrical symmetry with radial brake, brake stand up to the tool front-end of the cylindrical rotary output shaft, brake for spring preload.
The working principle of the brake is generated by the friction brake to increase the output shaft damping, recing the sensitivity of the rotation axis.
Are: brake and easy does not change the structure of the original machine tool structure, the method of indirect rection to achieve the purpose of drive space, in practical applications there is a certain effect.
One disadvantage: the pre-spring brake tool because of the cylindrical output shaft to exert a greater radial force, in fact increases the load machine torque, resulting in increased motor power at the same time gears, bearings to accelerate wear and tear.
Disadvantage 2: pre-spring brake because of the output shaft of the cylindrical tool to exert a greater radial force on the possible geometry of the tool output shaft a negative impact on accuracy.

Conclusion: This article describes four areas from existing single-screw machine layout and structure, and put out the advantages and disadvantages of the list, because of the compressor plant single-screw machine tools and machine tool external Security information, the above introction there is inevitably one-sided and wrong, and are therefore single-screw compressor for the proction of reference works.